tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-81456230324141026772024-03-18T20:17:18.597-07:00Cari Tahu Yukkk !!!Kepoin tentang "Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam" Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.comBlogger90125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-28182788255309798812018-05-06T22:43:00.002-07:002018-05-06T22:43:29.707-07:00Teleskop Sebagai Alat Optik<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><b><span style="font-size: large;">TELESKOP SEBAGAI ALAT OPTIK </span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Teropong atau teleskop adalah sebuah alat yang digunakan untuk melihat benda-benda yang jauh sehingga tampak lebih jelas dan lebih dekat. Secara umum teropong terdiri atas dua buah lensa positif. Satu lensa mengarah ke obyek dan disebut lensa obyektif dan satu lensa mengarah ke mata dan disebut lensa okuler.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Berdasarkan fungsinya teropong dibagi menjadi:</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">1. teropong bintang</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">2. teropong bumi</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">3. teropong panggung</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Prinsip utama pembentukan bayangan pada teropong adalah: lensa obyektif membentuk bayangan nyata dari sebuah obyek jauh dan lensa okuler berfungsi sebagai lup. Dengan demikian cara mengamati obyek apakah mau dengan cara berakomodasi maupun tidak berakomodasi tergantung dari posisi lensa okulernya. Oleh karena itu jarak antara obyektif dan okuler dapat diubah-ubah. Panjang teropong adalah jarak antara lensa obyektif dan lensa okulernya.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">1. </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Teropong</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Bintang</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Teropong bintang digunakan untuk mengamati obyek-obyek yang ada di langit (bintang). Teropong bintang terdiri dari sebuah lensa cembung yang berfungsi sebagai lensa obyektif dengan diameter dan jarak fokus besar, sedangkan okulernya adalah sebuah lensa cembung dengan jarak fokus pendek.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Teropong Bumi</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Teropong bumi digunakan untuk mengamati obyek-obyek yang jauh dipermukaan bumi. Teropong ini akan menghasilkan bayangan yang nampak lebih jelas, lebih dekat dan tidak terbalik. Teropong bumi terdiri dari tiga lensa positif dan salah satunya berfungsi sebagai pembalik bayangan. Pembentukan bayangan pada alat ini dapat dilihat dalam gambar berikut.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Panjang teropong bumi adalah panjang fokus lensa obyektif ditambah 2 kali jarak fokus lensa pembalik dan panjang fokus lensa okuler. Dengan rumus : d = fOb + 4 fp + fOk</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Teropong Panggung</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Teropong panggung adalah teropong yang mengkombinasikan antara lensa positif dan lensa negatif. Lensa negatif digunakan sebagai pembalik dan sekaligus sebagai okuler. Sifat bayangan yang terbentuk adalah <b>maya</b>, <b>tegak</b>, dan<b>diperkecil</b>.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Prinsip kerja teropong panggung adalah sinar sejajar yang masuk ke lensa obyektif membentuk bayangan nyata tepat di titik fokus obyektif. Bayangan ini akan berfungsi sebagai benda maya bagi lensa okuler. Dan oleh lensa okuler akan dibentuk bayangan yang dapat dilihat oleh mata.</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br />Pada pengamatan tanpa berakomodasi maka panjang teropong adalah :</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">d = f <sub>(Ob)</sub> – f <sub>(Ok)</sub></span></b></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">d = panjang teropong dalam meter</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">f <sub>(Ob)</sub> = panjang fokus lensa obyektif dalam meter</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /><i>f <sub>(Ok</sub>) = panjang fokus lensa okuler dalam meter</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></i></div>
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Sumber : </div>
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http://friskadee.blogspot.co.id/2014/01/alat-optik-fisika-kamera-teropong-lup.html</div>
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Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-87342374578691802662018-05-06T22:38:00.000-07:002018-05-06T22:38:03.967-07:00Mikroskop Sebagai Alat Optik<h1 class="post-title entry-title" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18.2px; margin: 0px;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Cara Kerja dan Bagian Bagian Mikroskop Sebagai Alat Optik">Cara Kerja dan Bagian Bagian Mikroskop Sebagai Alat Optik</a></h1>
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Mikroskop adalah alat optikyang digunakan untuk melihat dan mengamati benda-benda yang berukuran sangat kecil yang tidak mampu dilihat dengan mata telanjang. Mikroskop berasal dari bahasa latin, yaitu “mikro” yang berarti kecil dan kata “scopein” yang berarti melihat. Mikroskop mampu memperbesar ukuran bayangan benda tersebut hinga 40 kali, 100 kali, 400 kali, bahkan 1000 kali. Mikroskop ditemukan oleh Anthony Van Leewenhoek, penemuan ini sangat membantu peneliti dan ilmuan untuk mengamati objek mikroskopis.<br /><br /><b>A. Bagian-bagian Mikroskop</b><br />Lup sebagai alat yang dapat digunakan untuk mengamati benda-benda kecil memiliki keterbatasan. Untuk itu diperlukan alat optik yang memiliki kemampuan untuk memperbesar bayangan hingga berlipat-lipat. Alat ini dikenal dengan nama mikroskop. Mikroskop yang paling sederhana menggunakan kombinasi dua buah lensa positif, dengan panjang titik fokus obyektif lebih kecil daripada jarak titik fokus lensa okuler. Berikut ini bagian-bagian mikroskop.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXw9T1ZneNmXyvEMpYVilvZZ66Rrg4WY_FFE0OPnQXvOHjxlLvCji0bljLcLzTyYGk3LpnFHBUVrbNdKfc5YNnblZGQqx8H7lA7A7P3m8R5JR6v6reOm2NaedjOA6MPgXYUlfB8IEk7as/s1600/mikroskop.jpg" style="color: #65bddf; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Mikroskop" data-original-height="671" data-original-width="650" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXw9T1ZneNmXyvEMpYVilvZZ66Rrg4WY_FFE0OPnQXvOHjxlLvCji0bljLcLzTyYGk3LpnFHBUVrbNdKfc5YNnblZGQqx8H7lA7A7P3m8R5JR6v6reOm2NaedjOA6MPgXYUlfB8IEk7as/s1600/mikroskop.jpg" style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%;" title="Mikroskop" /></a></div>
<br /><b>1. Bagian-Bagian Optik</b><br />Bagian optik adalah bagian mikroskop yang berupa benda bening yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan bayangan melalui pemantulan atau pembiasan cahaya. Bagian-bagian optik dari sebuah mikroskop antara lain sebagai berikut.<br /><ul>
<li>Lensa Okuler, yaitu lensa yang terdapat di bagian ujung atas tabung pada gambar, pengamat melihat objek melalui lensa ini. Lensa okuler berfungsi untuk memperbesar kembali bayangan dari lensa objektif. Lensa okuler biasanya memiliki perbesaran 6, 10, atau 12 kali.</li>
<li>Lensa Objektif, yaitu lensa yang dekat dengan objek. Biasanya terdapat 3 lensa objektif pada mikroskop, yaitu dengan perbesaran 10, 40, atau 100 kali. Saat menggunakan lensa objektif pengamat harus mengoleskan minyak emersi ke bagian objek, minyak emersi ini berfungsi sebagai pelumas dan untuk memperjelas bayangan benda, karena saat perbesaran 100 kali, letak lensa dengan objek yang diamati sangat dekat, bahkan kadang bersentuhan.</li>
<li>Kondensor, yaitu bagian yang dapat diputar naik turun yang berfungsi untuk mengumpulkan cahaya yang dipantulkan oleh cermin dan memusatkannya ke objek.</li>
<li>Diafragma, yaitu bagian yang berfungsi untuk mengatur banyak sedikitnya cahaya yang masuk dan mengenai preparat.</li>
<li>Cermin, yaitu bagian yang berfungsi untuk menerima dan mengarahkan cahaya yang diterima. Cermin mengarahkan cahaya dengan cara memantulkan cahaya tersebut.</li>
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<br /><b>2. Bagian-Bagian Mekanik (Non-Optik)</b><br />Bagian mekanik merupakan bagian-bagian mikroskop dimana bagian lainnya terpasang. Bagian-bagian mekanik dari sebuah mikroskop antara lain sebagai berikut.<br /><ul>
<li>Revolver, yaitu bagian yang berfungsi untuk mengatur perbesaran lensa objektif yang diinginkan.</li>
<li>Tabung Mikroskop, yaitu bagian yang berfungsi untuk menghubungkan lensa objekti dan lensa okuler mikroskop.</li>
<li>Lengan Mikroskop, yaitu bagian yang berfungsi untuk tempat pengamat memegang mikroskop.</li>
<li>Meja Benda, yaitu bagian yang berfungsi untuk tempat menempatkan objek yang akan diamati, pada meja benda terdapat penjepit objek, yang menjaga objek tetap ditempat yang diinginkan.</li>
<li>Makrometer (pemutar kasar), yaitu bagian yang berfungsi untuk menaikkan atau menurunkan tabung secara cepat untuk pengaturan mendapatkan kejelasan dari gambaran objek yang diinginkan.</li>
<li>Mikrometer (pemutar halus), yaitu bagian yang berfungsi untuk menaikkan atau menurunkan tabung secara lambat untuk pengaturan mendapatkan kejelasan dari gambaran objek yang diinginkan.</li>
<li>Kaki Mikroskop, yaitu bagian yang berfungsi sebagai penyagga yang menjaga mikroskop tetap pada tempat yang diinginkan, dan juga untuk tempat memegang mikroskop saat mikroskop hendak dipindahkan.</li>
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<b>B. Prisnsip Kerja Mikroskop</b><br />Prinsip kerja mikroskop adalah obyek ditempatkan di ruang dua lensa obyektif sehingga terbentuk bayangan nyata terbalik dan diperbesar. Lensa okuler mempunyai peran seperti lup, sehingga pengamat dapat melakukan dua jenis pengamatan yaitu dengan mata tak berakomodasi atau dengan mata berakomodasi maksimum. Pilihan jenis pengamatan ini dapat dilakukan dengan cara menggeser jarak benda terhadap lensa obyektif yang dilakukan dengan tombol soft adjustment (tombol halus yang digunakan untuk menemukan fokus). Kegiatan berikut ini akan memperlihatkan pembentukan bayangan pada mikroskop.<br /><br /><b>C. Pembentukan Bayangan pada Mikroskop</b><br /><b>1. Pengamatan menggunakan mikroskop dengan mata berakomodasi maksimum.</b><br />Pada mikroskop, lensa okuler berfungsi sebagai lup. Pengamatan dengan mata berakomodasi maksimum menyebabkan bayangan yang dibentuk oleh lensa objektif harus terletak di ruang I lensa okuler (di antara Ook dan fok ). Hal ini bertujuan agar bayangan akhir yang dibentuk lensa okuler tepat pada titik dekat mata pengamat. Lukisan bayangan untuk mata berakomodasi maksimum.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCFQGEVhCc9fwaq_ecVWkK9d4s6cNE4MJr4yWX8q8Bg37GfrtlK6TNIUdN4ccDL38ZjteEfuEbnLlNpesQ9J6H0uotViRcm-g9H9oHx_hU-fxgyWmSQ5mTmf0SOToltnxBvMm7a0K2yqA/s1600/bayangan.jpg" style="color: #65bddf; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Bayangan 1" data-original-height="292" data-original-width="650" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCFQGEVhCc9fwaq_ecVWkK9d4s6cNE4MJr4yWX8q8Bg37GfrtlK6TNIUdN4ccDL38ZjteEfuEbnLlNpesQ9J6H0uotViRcm-g9H9oHx_hU-fxgyWmSQ5mTmf0SOToltnxBvMm7a0K2yqA/s1600/bayangan.jpg" style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%;" title="Bayangan 1" /></a></div>
Pengamatan ini menempatkan bayangan akhir (bayangan lensa okuler) maya pada titik dekat pengamat (PP). Perbesaran mikroskop pada pengamatan ini adalah:<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmBo_E11iSBlipwstiNlI5zw20odi5OGTP9Vaenavt_N_dvCppokVS0ke8BnRwhyphenhyphenon1fY9YhC3ECNKxtoQeez-D7hFWLGrMJWNS8jnAPXB8zIoreBVUTu-oiLRSj0iBJN6x6JzYhAyFpY/s1600/mikroskop.gif" style="color: #65bddf; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Perbesaran" data-original-height="103" data-original-width="652" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmBo_E11iSBlipwstiNlI5zw20odi5OGTP9Vaenavt_N_dvCppokVS0ke8BnRwhyphenhyphenon1fY9YhC3ECNKxtoQeez-D7hFWLGrMJWNS8jnAPXB8zIoreBVUTu-oiLRSj0iBJN6x6JzYhAyFpY/s1600/mikroskop.gif" style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%;" title="Perbesaran" /></a></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoCJu4QfXwijuCMdCcJDw7fa8o0FeupG09aqLNUXW3CjA7czSKhfsF4_bFYsUuONpuDqjoK2TLDGwkR4RVl6ZaekG70i2Ol9IL0HFTufmaA75Ej8ZscKx5IZFaf6nNj8vvT-eUa80s_nZ-/s1600/blockquote.jpg"); background-origin: initial; background-position: center bottom; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(35, 90, 217) rgb(207, 207, 207) rgb(207, 207, 207) rgb(227, 227, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 2px 1px 1px 2px; line-height: 2em; margin: 1em; padding: 0px 5px;">
Keterangan:<br />S(Ob) = Jarak benda lensa obyektif dalam meter<br />S’(Ob) = Jarak bayangan lensa obyektif dalam meter<br />PP = titik dekat pengamat dalam meter<br />f(Ok) = panjang fokus lensa okuler dalam meter</blockquote>
<b>Pengamatan menggunakan mikroskop dengan mata tidak berakomodasi.</b><br />Agar mata pengamat dalam menggunakan mikroskop tidak berakomodasi, maka lensa okuler harus diatur/digeser supaya bayangan yang diambil oleh lensa objektif tepat jatuh pada fokus lensa okuler. Lukisan bayangan untuk mata tak berakomodasi.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9rwGA9YdM6rBjaInbjpmnNwnyyO8JnuWsxfdzrvfqsI5P-08LBTotZ4zE-X9HliLs4drXm5cRCJs6QIkF5qwOQA8WvisX1LkJvuu69jz7oe1QtlmC1eROtZaIegy3l6HlbtC6Hez05Mg/s1600/akomodasi.jpg" style="color: #65bddf; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Tidak Berakomodasi" data-original-height="282" data-original-width="650" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9rwGA9YdM6rBjaInbjpmnNwnyyO8JnuWsxfdzrvfqsI5P-08LBTotZ4zE-X9HliLs4drXm5cRCJs6QIkF5qwOQA8WvisX1LkJvuu69jz7oe1QtlmC1eROtZaIegy3l6HlbtC6Hez05Mg/s1600/akomodasi.jpg" style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%;" title="Tidak berakomodasi" /></a></div>
Pengamatan ini menempatkan bayangan akhir (bayangan lensa okuler) maya pada titik dekat pengamat (PP). Perbesaran mikroskop pada pengamatan ini adalah:<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid228p5uxzAQTXIJfxkvnKw8Jwe6ThbjV58GTd9y9AJJd_xtA7RhDSyeUAuVQXBCGmfJvrMxzNyaNCCG8mscXvpzC3Oz9pQ7vF5F_A-C2eqe94TrkNEGwODJrrqWBkmFmIGZRdWmj_UMY/s1600/perban.gif" style="color: #65bddf; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Perbesaran" data-original-height="71" data-original-width="651" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid228p5uxzAQTXIJfxkvnKw8Jwe6ThbjV58GTd9y9AJJd_xtA7RhDSyeUAuVQXBCGmfJvrMxzNyaNCCG8mscXvpzC3Oz9pQ7vF5F_A-C2eqe94TrkNEGwODJrrqWBkmFmIGZRdWmj_UMY/s1600/perban.gif" style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%;" title="Perbesaran" /></a></div>
Keterangan<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoCJu4QfXwijuCMdCcJDw7fa8o0FeupG09aqLNUXW3CjA7czSKhfsF4_bFYsUuONpuDqjoK2TLDGwkR4RVl6ZaekG70i2Ol9IL0HFTufmaA75Ej8ZscKx5IZFaf6nNj8vvT-eUa80s_nZ-/s1600/blockquote.jpg"); background-origin: initial; background-position: center bottom; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(35, 90, 217) rgb(207, 207, 207) rgb(207, 207, 207) rgb(227, 227, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 2px 1px 1px 2px; line-height: 2em; margin: 1em; padding: 0px 5px;">
S(Ob) = Jarak benda lensa obyektif dalam meter<br />S’(Ob) = Jarak bayangan lensa obyektif dalam meter<br />PP = titik dekat pengamat dalam meter<br />f(Ok) = panjang fokus lensa okuler dalam meter</blockquote>
<b>Panjang Mikroskop</b><br />Panjang mikroskop diukur dari jarak antara lensa obyektif dan lensa okuler. Untuk masing-masing jenis pengamatan, panjang mikroskop dapat dihitung dengan cara yang berbeda.<br /><br /><b>A. Mata berakomodasi maksimum</b><br />d = Si(Ob) + So(Ok)<br /><br /><b>B. Mata tak berakomodasi</b><br />d = Si(Ob) + f(Ok)<br />Keterangan:<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoCJu4QfXwijuCMdCcJDw7fa8o0FeupG09aqLNUXW3CjA7czSKhfsF4_bFYsUuONpuDqjoK2TLDGwkR4RVl6ZaekG70i2Ol9IL0HFTufmaA75Ej8ZscKx5IZFaf6nNj8vvT-eUa80s_nZ-/s1600/blockquote.jpg"); background-origin: initial; background-position: center bottom; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(35, 90, 217) rgb(207, 207, 207) rgb(207, 207, 207) rgb(227, 227, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 2px 1px 1px 2px; line-height: 2em; margin: 1em; padding: 0px 5px;">
d = panjang mikroskop dalam meter<br />Si(Ob) = jarak bayangan lensa obyektif dalam meter<br />So(Ok) = jarak benda lensa okulerdalam meter<br />f(Ok) = jarak fokus lensa okuler dalam meter</blockquote>
Mikroskop menggunakan dua lensa okuler dan dua lensa objektif. Lensa okuler adalah lensa yang posisinya dengan mata pengamat. Lensa objektif adalah lensa yang posisinya dekat dengan objek/benda yang sedang diamati.<br /><br />Benda yang diamati ditempatkan pada sebuah slide transparan (preparat) dan disinari dari bawah. Cahaya melalui lensa objektif dan membentuk bayangan nyata dan diperbesar. Bayangan itu diperbesar, sebab benda itu terletak di antara satu dan dua jarak fokus lensa objektif tersebut. Selanjutnya, bayangan nyata tersebut diperbesar lagi oleh lensa okuler untuk menghasilkan bayangan maya dan diperbesar. Susunan lensa seperti ini memungkinkan menghasilkan bayangan ratusan kali lebih besar dari objek aslinya.</div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">http://www.mediabelajar.info/2017/06/cara-kerja-dan-bagian-bagian-mikroskop.html</span></span></div>
Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-18979164686411730922018-05-06T22:35:00.003-07:002018-05-06T22:35:50.786-07:00Kaca Pembesar (Lup) Sebagai Alat Optik<h1 class="post-title entry-title" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 18.2px; margin: 0px;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Cara Kerja dan Bagian Lup Sebagai Alat Optik">Cara Kerja dan Bagian Lup Sebagai Alat Optik</a></h1>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Cara Kerja dan Bagian Lup Sebagai Alat Optik"><br /></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Cara Kerja dan Bagian Lup Sebagai Alat Optik"><br /></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Cara Kerja dan Bagian Lup Sebagai Alat Optik"><br /></a></div>
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Penglihatan manusia sangat terbatas. Jangkauan penglihatan manusia tidak sanggup melihat benda yang terlalu jauh maupun terlalu dekat. Alternatif yang dipilih untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut adalah menggunakan alat bantu penglihatan (alat optik). Salah satu alat optik yang digunakan untuk membantu penglihatan manusia adalah Lup.<br /><br />Kaca pembesar atau disebut juga dengan lup, termasuk salah satu alat optik yang paling sederhana. Alat optik yang terbuat dari lensa cembung ganda (bi-konveks). Lup diperkenalkan tidak hanya mengenai fungsinya melainkan juga cara atau prinsip kerja lup sampai perhitungan secara matematis.<br /><br /><b>A. Bagian- Bagian Lup</b><br />Lup merupakan alat optik yang sangat sederhana, namun sangat membantu dalam proses pengamatan yang mudah dan praktis. Bagian-bagian lup antara lain sebagai berikut.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAsjVMfmXVn4lBFa4xuDBzkaDhYSbvK-1pF2nBZ5aFVS_yiHnHHcApFB981U2-sR8bx70pnXwWwy7IjFLyl3DSqwg7lyxn7JJR75mk_LNlw3xwalifkrRhh5toAoz6lUOVOPBBbo_sxvk/s1600/lup.jpg" style="color: #65bddf; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="bagian Lup" border="0" data-original-height="349" data-original-width="560" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAsjVMfmXVn4lBFa4xuDBzkaDhYSbvK-1pF2nBZ5aFVS_yiHnHHcApFB981U2-sR8bx70pnXwWwy7IjFLyl3DSqwg7lyxn7JJR75mk_LNlw3xwalifkrRhh5toAoz6lUOVOPBBbo_sxvk/s1600/lup.jpg" style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%;" title="Bagian Lup" /></a></div>
<ol>
<li>Tangkai Lup. Tangkai atau pegangan lup digunakan pengamat untuk memegang Lup Pada proses penggunaanya. Tangkai ini dapat dipisahkan dengan lingkaran Pegangan Lensa.</li>
<li>Skrup Pengendali . Skrup penghubung ini berfungsi menghubungkan antara tangkai Lup dengan kepala Lup, berupa logam tipis yang juga berfungsi menguatkan pegangan kepala Lup terhadap Lensa cembungnya</li>
<li>Kepala/bingkai Lup. Lingkaran penuh yang digunakan sebagai bingkai dari Lensa cembung pada Lup. Bingkai ini mirip dengan bingkai kacamata yang memegang Lensa, akan tetapi bingkai kepala Lup berupa Lingkaran penuh.</li>
<li>Lensa Cembung Lup. Lup menggunakan lensa cembung, yang berfungsi memperbesar benda berukuran kecil sehingga tampak besar.</li>
</ol>
<b>B. Cara Kerja Lup</b><br />Alat optik yang paling sederhana adalah lup atau kaca pembesar (magnifying glass). Kaca pembesar terdiri atas lensa cembung ganda, yang kedua sisi luarnya melengkung ke luar. Sinar-sinar cahaya yang melewati lensa itu membelok ke dalam untuk mengumpul di sebuah titik fokus pada kedua sisi lensa. Jarak dari pusat lensa ke titik fokus, kira-kira 12 cm pada kaca pembesar yang umum, disebut jarak fokus.<br /><br />Sebuah kaca pembesar dipegang di atas sebuah benda pada jarak yang lebih pendek daripada jarak fokus (ruang I), benda itu tampak tegak dan diperbesar. Bayangan macam ini disebut bayangan maya.<br /><br />Pada jarak yang sama (ruang II) atau lebih panjang daripada jarak fokus (ruang III), lensa akan menghasilkan suatu bayangan terbalik, dan disebut bayangan nyata.<br /><br />Dalam penggunaan lup seseorang harus menempatkan benda yang akan dilihat pada ruang satu (antara lensa dan fokus lensa) sehingga akan dihasilkan bayangan yang diperbesar dan maya. Perbesaran yang dihasilkan oleh lup adalah perbesaran anguler atau perbesaran sudut.<br /><br />Lup memiliki fungsi untuk memperbesar bayangan benda. Lup adalah lensa cembung yang digunakan untuk mengamati benda-benda kecil agar nampak lebih besar. Bayangan yang dibentuk oleh lup memiliki sifat: maya, tegak, dan diperbesar. Untuk itu benda harus diletakkan di Ruang I atau daerah yang dibatasi oleh fokus dan pusat lensa atau cermin (antara f dan O), dimana So < f.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaYP1jrp9-pkmPOqZKZ96vQXPeGB8l2zzlpACaVSfssd4ObwfwXh7EFMDV-1gxzy2FG80vrnWvpZfb_5H183v4Vea_ugcikdmQZshiTmcFGAb3zoRC5sm-WsnLSqkoE74CNxzNpx63Ddo/s1600/lup1.jpg" style="color: #65bddf; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Bagian Lup" border="0" data-original-height="236" data-original-width="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaYP1jrp9-pkmPOqZKZ96vQXPeGB8l2zzlpACaVSfssd4ObwfwXh7EFMDV-1gxzy2FG80vrnWvpZfb_5H183v4Vea_ugcikdmQZshiTmcFGAb3zoRC5sm-WsnLSqkoE74CNxzNpx63Ddo/s1600/lup1.jpg" style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%;" title="Bagian LUp" /></a></div>
Ada dua cara bagaimana menggunakan lup yaitu:<br />a. Dengan cara mata berakomodasi maksimum.<br />b. Dengan cara mata tidak berakomodasi.<br /><br /><b>a. Mata Berakomodasi Maksimum</b><br />Mata berakomodasi maksimum yaitu cara memandang obyek pada titik dekatnya (otot siliar bekerja maksimum untuk menekan lensa agar berbentuk secembung-cembungnya). Pada penggunaan lup dengan mata berakomodasi maksimum, maka yang perlu diperhatikan adalah:<br /><ol>
<li>Bayangan yang dibentuk lup harus berada di titik dekat mata / Punctum Proksimum (PP)</li>
<li>Benda yang diamati harus diletakkan di antara titik fokus dan lensa</li>
<li>Kelemahan : mata cepat lelah</li>
<li>Keuntungan : perbesaran bertambah (maksimum)</li>
<li>Sifat bayangan : maya, tegak, dan diperbesar</li>
</ol>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUsHQgHYkEZeRZhenSuLLRGKBD5Qi5TPO0a5u_S8iOamut8YH-hhByRGfBRCJCW3LUUWRN0Lsu4u9_t0EjS7zT40gKZr1n6dFa1QEKfSpN4mSriLC7pWZTYPEmfPdzghg6yiLf_vyUtbA/s1600/akomodasi.gif" style="color: #65bddf; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Akomodasi" border="0" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUsHQgHYkEZeRZhenSuLLRGKBD5Qi5TPO0a5u_S8iOamut8YH-hhByRGfBRCJCW3LUUWRN0Lsu4u9_t0EjS7zT40gKZr1n6dFa1QEKfSpN4mSriLC7pWZTYPEmfPdzghg6yiLf_vyUtbA/s1600/akomodasi.gif" style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%;" title="Akomodasi" /></a></div>
<b>Perhitungan</b><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6iQWQ8iaTNlu_AEU8c3cUxDjA6Rm2Rx7aVXXs6-8HSdkihi2DoJJkwsahuR0pqoychbmJU7yXtwYXwKA2qkOclGZowXMSAN30OEFL6xgJAlFBwnGlA7jpBg9RUWfgUV2xrf1tPpuCBeU/s1600/perbesaran.jpg" style="color: #65bddf; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Perbesaran" border="0" data-original-height="185" data-original-width="642" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6iQWQ8iaTNlu_AEU8c3cUxDjA6Rm2Rx7aVXXs6-8HSdkihi2DoJJkwsahuR0pqoychbmJU7yXtwYXwKA2qkOclGZowXMSAN30OEFL6xgJAlFBwnGlA7jpBg9RUWfgUV2xrf1tPpuCBeU/s1600/perbesaran.jpg" style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%;" title="Perbesaran" /></a></div>
<b>b. Mata Tak Berakomodasi</b><br />Mata tak berakomodasi yaitu cara memandang obyek pada titik jauhnya (yaitu otot siliar tidak bekerja/rileks dan lensa mata berbentuk sepipih-pipihnya). Pada penggunaan lup dengan mata tak berakomodasi, maka yang perlu diperhatikan adalah:<br /><ol>
<li>Lup harus membentuk bayangan di jauh tak hingga</li>
<li>Benda yang dilihat harus diletakkan di titik fokus (So = f)</li>
<li>Keuntungan : mata tak cepat lelah</li>
<li>Kerugian : perbesaran berkurang (minimum)</li>
</ol>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE0DR08qtIwhTTvjcQGlhvazgw4lEnK6dfe-CMN5yGv1XvwLYRbGdcqmFuQ3E3cGZAVFQYhz4orWZSA0IX8g7Me7ShOb8tGygNZBJnKHA_IVRgmmCVDhkSov5cHNb3qaWA7YZ53aW7vVs/s1600/mata_tak_akomodasi.gif" style="color: #65bddf; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Akomodasi Maksimum" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE0DR08qtIwhTTvjcQGlhvazgw4lEnK6dfe-CMN5yGv1XvwLYRbGdcqmFuQ3E3cGZAVFQYhz4orWZSA0IX8g7Me7ShOb8tGygNZBJnKHA_IVRgmmCVDhkSov5cHNb3qaWA7YZ53aW7vVs/s1600/mata_tak_akomodasi.gif" style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%;" title="Akomodasi Maksimum" /></a></div>
<b>Perhitungan</b><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7nxJWIpQmxVJT0RbnetHTgfNjsoFJgAHajCLfXkeFNmmr9oNb4-CgH4EgnFcxMRbEwSqrblqcjwnSxJ9UQlEGXp6RTUFuS9bBZkHnAIL1BIXORWC2rkfTRWEUymluf-qHpZmi7QLmFC0/s1600/perbesaran2.jpg" style="color: #65bddf; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Perbesaran 2" border="0" data-original-height="149" data-original-width="637" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7nxJWIpQmxVJT0RbnetHTgfNjsoFJgAHajCLfXkeFNmmr9oNb4-CgH4EgnFcxMRbEwSqrblqcjwnSxJ9UQlEGXp6RTUFuS9bBZkHnAIL1BIXORWC2rkfTRWEUymluf-qHpZmi7QLmFC0/s1600/perbesaran2.jpg" style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%;" title="Perbesaran 2" /></a></div>
M = perbesaran sudut<br />PP = titik dekat mata dalam meter<br />f = Jarak focus lup dalam meter</div>
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Sumber : </div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">http://www.mediabelajar.info/2017/06/lup-sebagai-alat-optik.html</span></span></div>
Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-32377537727259324182018-05-06T22:32:00.005-07:002018-05-06T22:32:45.958-07:00Alat Optik Kamera<h1 class="post-title entry-title" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #999999; font-family: "Roboto Condensed", sans-serif; font-size: 1.4rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; margin: 10px 0px 0.6em; padding: 15px; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
Alat Optik Kamera</h1>
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<div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 15px auto; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kamera adalah alat yang dapat menghasilkan gambar negatif yang kemudian dapat dicetak, sehingga hasilnya dapat kita lihat. Kamera biasanya digunakan untuk mengabadikan peristiwa-peristiwa penting dalam kehidupan. Kamera terdiri atas beberapa bagian, yaitu:<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 50.2pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1)<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lensa cembung, berfungsi untuk membiaskan cahaya yang masuk sehingga terbentuk bayangan yang <b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.2s; vertical-align: baseline;">nyata, terbalik, dan diperkecil</b>.</span><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 50.2pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2)<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Diagfragma, adalah lubang kecil yang dapat diatur lebarnya dan berfungsi untuk mengatur banyaknya cahaya yang masuk melalui lensa.</span><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 50.2pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3)<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Apertur, berfungsi untuk mengatur besar kecilnya diagfragma.</span><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 50.2pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4)<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pelat film, berfungsi sebagai tempat bayangan dan menghasilkan gambar negatif, yaitu gambar yang berwarna tidak sama dengan aslinya.</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 1.5em; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 701px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YIC2lQmD2JM/V1qHlfWthkI/AAAAAAAABWo/QhXGAa6z8oISXDLKDA0oS6ZQi2zEQr90QCLcB/s1600/kamera-6-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YIC2lQmD2JM/V1qHlfWthkI/AAAAAAAABWo/QhXGAa6z8oISXDLKDA0oS6ZQi2zEQr90QCLcB/s320/kamera-6-728.jpg" style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); border: 0px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03) 0px 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td class="tr-caption" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><i style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gambar 01. Bagian-bagian Kamera</i></td></tr>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pembentukan bayangan pada kamera dapat dilihat pada gambar 5.2. Lensa positif, membiaskan cahaya dan membentuk bayangan nyata, terbalik dan diperkecil.<span class="apple-converted-space" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; content: "["; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; left: -0.1em; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transform: translateX(-100%); transition: color 0.2s; vertical-align: baseline;">Diafragma</strong><span class="apple-converted-space" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span>mengatur jumlah cahaya yang masuk ke dalam kamera dengan mengubah ukuran <strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; content: "["; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; left: -0.1em; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transform: translateX(-100%); transition: color 0.2s; vertical-align: baseline;">aperturenya</strong>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Film merupakan media yang menangkap bayangan nyata yang dibentuk oleh lensa.</span> <span style="background: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Agar bayangan selalu jatuh pada film karena letak benda yang berubah, maka dapat diatur dengan menggeser jarak lensa terhadap filmnya.</span> <span style="background: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">s = jarak benda dalam meter, <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 3pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><v:stroke joinstyle="miter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><v:formulas style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas><v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><o:lock aspectratio="t" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" v:ext="edit"></o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" o:ole="" style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 15.75pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 12pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Suardika\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span> = jarak bayangan dalam meter, <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 5pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" o:ole="" style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 15.75pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 12pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Suardika\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.wmz" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span> = titik fokus lensa.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 1.5em; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 701px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-v7BqsyXc754/V1qG1kOZ29I/AAAAAAAABWU/deHOvEl_pLsZ_FhGgFB_NqZt-31_FmpagCLcB/s1600/bayangan%2Bpada%2Bkamera.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="158" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-v7BqsyXc754/V1qG1kOZ29I/AAAAAAAABWU/deHOvEl_pLsZ_FhGgFB_NqZt-31_FmpagCLcB/s320/bayangan%2Bpada%2Bkamera.jpg" style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); border: 0px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03) 0px 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td class="tr-caption" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><i style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gambar 02. Pembentukan bayangan pada kamera</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 35.45pt; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kamera dengan mata memiliki kemiripan, sebagai berikut:<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5em auto 1.5em 35.45pt; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 701px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 83.35pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.2s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kamera<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.2s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mata<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid black; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 205.55pt;" valign="top" width="274"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.2s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Keterangan<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 83.35pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lensa<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lensa<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 205.55pt;" valign="top" width="274"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lensa cembung<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 83.35pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Diagfragma<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Iris<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 205.55pt;" valign="top" width="274"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mengatur besar kecilnya lubang cahaya<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1pt solid black; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 83.35pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Aperture<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pupil<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 205.55pt;" valign="top" width="274"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lubang tempat masuknya cahaya<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Film<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Retina<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 205.55pt;" valign="top" width="274"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tempat terbentuknya bayangan<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 14.2pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Secara umum bagian-bagian kamera sama dengan bagian-bagian mata, namun kedua alat ini memiliki perbedaan dalam hal menempatkan bayangan pada retina/film, perbedaannya mata menggunakan daya akomodasi, sedangkan kamera menggunakan pergeseran lensa.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Untuk melihat video bagian-bagian kamera serta persamaan kamera dengan mata dapat disaksikan pada video berikut. Semoga bermanfaat.</span></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/BcmWDj_C4eE/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/BcmWDj_C4eE?feature=player_embedded" style="border-style: none; border-width: initial; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="320"></iframe></div>
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Sumber : </div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">http://komangsuardika.blogspot.co.id/2016/06/alat-optik-kamera.html</span></div>
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Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-9408654867364397042018-05-06T22:30:00.000-07:002018-05-06T22:30:40.917-07:00Indra Penglihatan Serangga<header class="entry-header" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 604px; width: 604px;"><h1 class="entry-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: "Headland One", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 48px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 5px;">
Proses Penglihatan Pada Mata Serangga</h1>
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Masing-masing mata serangga tersebut disebut omatidium (jamak:omatidia). Masing-masing omatidium berfungsi sebagai reseptor penglihatan yang terpisah. Setiap omatidium terdiri atas beberapa bagian, di antaranya berikut ini. (1) Lensa, permukaan depan lensamerupakan satu faset mata majemuk. (2) Kerucut kristalin, yang tembus cahaya. (3) Sel-selpenglihatan, yang peka terhadap adanya cahaya. (4) Sel-sel yang mengandung pigmen,yang memisahkan omatidia dari omatidia di sekelilingnya.</div>
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berikut gambar ommatidium</div>
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<a href="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/ommaidium.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="ommaidium" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-248" data-attachment-id="248" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="ommaidium" data-large-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/ommaidium.jpg?w=604?w=193" data-medium-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/ommaidium.jpg?w=604?w=193" data-orig-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/ommaidium.jpg?w=604" data-orig-size="193,262" data-permalink="https://lynnuhascience.wordpress.com/kelas-viii/alat-optik/alat-optik/mata/mata-serangga/proses-penglihatan-pada-mata-serangga/ommaidium/" sizes="(max-width: 193px) 100vw, 193px" src="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/ommaidium.jpg?w=604" srcset="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/ommaidium.jpg 193w, https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/ommaidium.jpg?w=110 110w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 5px 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="omma2" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-249" data-attachment-id="249" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="omma2" data-large-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg?w=326" data-medium-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg?w=300&h=143" data-orig-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg" data-orig-size="326,155" data-permalink="https://lynnuhascience.wordpress.com/kelas-viii/alat-optik/alat-optik/mata/mata-serangga/proses-penglihatan-pada-mata-serangga/omma2/" height="143" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" src="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg?w=300&h=143" srcset="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg?w=300&h=143 300w, https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg?w=150&h=71 150w, https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg 326w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 5px 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a></div>
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Setiap omatidium akan menyumbangkan informasi penglihatan dari satu daerah objek yang dilihat serangga, dari arah yang berbeda-beda. Bagian omatidia yang lain akan memberikan sumbangan informasi penglihatan pada daerah lainnya. Gabungan dari gambar-gambar yang dihasilkan dari setiap omatidium merupakan bayangan mosaik, yang</div>
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menyusun seluruh pandangan serangga. Sebagai contoh, mata lalat rumah terdiri atas 6000 bentuk mata yang ditata dalam segi enam (omatidium). Setiap omatidium dihadapkan ke arah yang berbeda-beda, seperti ke depan, belakang, bawah, atas, dan ke setiap sisi, sehingga lalat dapat melihat ke mana-mana. Dengan demikian, lalat dapat mengindera dalam daerah penglihatan dari semua arah. Pada setiap omatidium, terdapat delapan neuron sel saraf reseptor (penerima cahaya), sehingga secara keseluruhan terdapat sekitar 48.000 sel pengindera di dalam matanya. Dengan kelebihannya tersebut, mata lalat dapat memproses hingga seratus gambar per detik.</div>
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<a href="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="mata facet" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-247" data-attachment-id="247" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="mata facet" data-large-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg?w=318" data-medium-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg?w=300&h=150" data-orig-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg" data-orig-size="318,159" data-permalink="https://lynnuhascience.wordpress.com/kelas-viii/alat-optik/alat-optik/mata/mata-serangga/proses-penglihatan-pada-mata-serangga/mata-facet/" height="150" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" src="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg?w=300&h=150" srcset="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg?w=300&h=150 300w, https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg?w=150&h=75 150w, https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg 318w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 5px 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a></div>
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Para ilmuwan berusaha mengembangkan peralatan yang diperlukan untuk kepentingan manusia dengan meniru rancangan mata lalat yang luar biasa. Misalnya, para ilmuwan mengembangkan alat detektor gerakan berkecepatan tinggi dan kamera sangat tipis yang dapat membidik ke banyak arah. Salah satunya dalam bidang yang memanfaatkan adalah bidang medis, untuk memeriksa bagian dalam lambung. Alat tersebut dikembangkan agar dapat ditelan oleh pasien. Jika sudah sampai di dalam lambung, alat tersebut akan mengumpulkan data melalui mata majemuknya dan mengirimkan laporannya tanpa kabel. Ada pula ilmuwan yang mengembangkan mata majemuk tiruan berukuran lebih kecil daripada kepala jarum pentul yang terdiri atas 8.500 lebih lensa. Namun demikian, kehebatan ciptaan manusia tersebut tidak ada artinya jika dibandingkan dengan mata majemuk serangga, misalnya capung yang mempunyai kira-kira 30.000 satuan optik di setiap matanya! Kamu mengetahui siapa pencipta mata majemuk serangga yang demikian hebat?</div>
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informasi selanjutnya bisa kunjungi alamat dibawah ini</div>
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<a href="http://repository.smpmugayogya.sch.id/document/Modul%20Student%20Book/Kelas%208%20Kurikulum%202013/Ilmu%20Pengetahuan%20Alam/Bab%2010.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;">http://repository.smpmugayogya.sch.id/document/Modul%20Student%20Book/Kelas%208%20Kurikulum%202013/Ilmu%20Pengetahuan%20Alam/Bab%2010.pdf</a></div>
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latihan soal . klik dibawah ini</div>
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<span class="embed-youtube" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="true" class="youtube-player" data-height="370" data-ratio="0.6125827814569537" data-width="604" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/TU6bgQnTi18?version=3&rel=1&fs=1&autohide=2&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&wmode=transparent" style="border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 370px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 604px;" type="text/html"></iframe></span><span class="embed-youtube" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; text-align: center;"><br /></span><span class="embed-youtube" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; text-align: center;"><br /></span><span class="embed-youtube" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; text-align: left;">Sumber : https://lynnuhascience.wordpress.com/kelas-viii/alat-optik/alat-optik/mata/mata-serangga/proses-penglihatan-pada-mata-serangga/</span></div>
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Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-41933260675367298222018-05-06T22:26:00.001-07:002018-05-06T22:30:56.606-07:00Indra Penglihatan Manusia <h1 class="post-title entry-title" style="background-color: white; font-family: Oswald, Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Indera Penglihatan pada Manusia (Mata) : Struktur Fungsi Bagian"><span style="font-size: large;">Indera Penglihatan pada Manusia (Mata) : Struktur Fungsi Bagian</span></a></h1>
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<b><a href="http://perpustakaancyber.blogspot.com/2012/12/indera-penglihatan-pada-manusia-mata-struktur-bagian-fungsi.html" style="color: #5a66ff; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Indera Penglihatan</a></b> pada Manusia (Mata) : Struktur Fungsi Bagian - Mata mempunyai reseptor untuk menangkap rangsang cahaya yang disebut fotoreseptor. Oleh karena itu, pada siang hari pantulan sinar matahari oleh benda-benda di sekeliling kita dapat kita tangkap dengan jelas. Sebaliknya pada malam hari, benda-benda di sekitar kita tidak memantulkan cahaya matahari seperti waktu siang hari. Akibatnya, kita hanya mampu melihat benda-benda itu bila mereka memantulkan cahaya dari sumber cahaya lain, misalnya lampu. Perhatikan Gambar 1. untuk mengetahui bagian-bagian bola mata. (Baca juga : <a href="http://perpustakaancyber.blogspot.com/2012/12/sistem-indera-pada-manusia.html" style="color: #5a66ff; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Indera Manusia</a>)</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption">Gambar 1. Bagian-bagian bola mata</td></tr>
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Mata terdiri atas beberapa bagian. Bagian-bagian mata dan fungsinya dijelaskan dalam Tabel 1. berikut.</div>
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Tabel 1. Bagian-Bagian Mata dan Fungsinya</div>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: 661px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 13.9pt;"><td colspan="4" style="background: rgb(154, 255, 255); border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 13.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 281.2pt;" valign="top" width="375"><div class="Default">
<b><span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Bagian Mata<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="background: rgb(154, 255, 255); border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 13.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 214.45pt;" valign="top" width="286"><div class="Default">
<b><span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Fungsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 31.5pt;"><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.15pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">a.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Sklera<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.45pt;" valign="top" width="23"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.2pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">pembungkus lapisan luar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 197.95pt;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Melindungi bola mata dari kerusakan mekanis dan memungkinkan melototnya otot mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 12.15pt;"><td rowspan="2" style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 12.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.15pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">b.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td rowspan="2" style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 12.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Kornea<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td rowspan="2" style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 12.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.45pt;" valign="top" width="23"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td rowspan="2" style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 12.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.2pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">selaput bening tembus pandang pada bagian depan sklera<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 12.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 12.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 197.95pt;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Penerima rangsang cahaya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 12.25pt;"><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 12.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 12.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 197.95pt;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Mereaksikan cahaya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 38.5pt;"><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 38.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.15pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">c.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 38.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Koroidea<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 38.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.45pt;" valign="top" width="23"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 38.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.2pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">lapisan tengah di antara sklera dan retina berupa selaput darah (kecuali di bagian depan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 38.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 38.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 197.95pt;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Penyedia makan bagi bagian mata yang lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 6.75pt;"><td rowspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 6.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.15pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">d.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 6.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Iris (selaput pelangi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 6.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.45pt;" valign="top" width="23"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 6.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.2pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">selaput berwarna (mengandung pigmen melanin) merupakan bagian depan koroidea<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 6.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 6.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 197.95pt;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Melindungi refleksi cahaya dalam mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 23pt;"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 23pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 23pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 197.95pt;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mengendalikan kerja pupil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 24.5pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 24.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.15pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">e.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pupil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.45pt;" valign="top" width="23"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.2pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">berupa lubang yang dibatasi oleh iris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 197.95pt;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mengatur banyak sedikit cahaya yang diperlukan mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 24.4pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 24.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.15pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">f.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lensa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.45pt;" valign="top" width="23"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.2pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">berupa lensa bikonveks<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 197.95pt;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Membiaskan dan memfokuskan cahaya agar bayangan benda tepat jatuh pada retina mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 13.65pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 13.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.15pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">g.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 13.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Aqueous humor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 13.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.45pt;" valign="top" width="23"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 13.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.2pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">berupa cairan encer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 13.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 13.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 197.95pt;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Menjaga bentuk kantong depan bola mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 24.5pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 24.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.15pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">h.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Vitreous humor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.45pt;" valign="top" width="23"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.2pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">berupa cairan bening dan kental selaput jala<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 197.95pt;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Meneruskan rangsang ke bagian mata mem-perkukuh bola mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 13.65pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 13.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.15pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">i.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 13.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Retina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 13.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.45pt;" valign="top" width="23"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 13.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.2pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Menerima bayangan dan untuk melihat benda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">j.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Fovea (bintik kuning)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">berupa bagian yang mengandung sel- sel kerucut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sebagai tempat bayangan jatuh pada daerah retina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">k.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Badan silia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">berupa otot melingkar dan otot radial yang terdekat pada ujung depan lapisan koroid yang membentuk penebalan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Menyokong lensa dan mensekresikan aqueous humor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">l.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bintik buta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">tempat saraf optik meninggalkan bagian dalam bola mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tidak peka terhadap cahaya karena tidak mengandung sel konus dan sedikit sel batang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">m.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Saraf mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">berupa serabut saraf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Meneruskan rangsang cahaya ke saraf kranial (saraf optik)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
Rangsang yang diterima indra penglihat (mata) berupa cahaya. Cahaya yang masuk melalui kornea akan diteruskan seperti berikut.</div>
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Cahaya <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">→ </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Aqueous humor </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">→ </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Pupil </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">→ </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Lensa </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">→ </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 18px;">Vitreous humor </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">→ </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Retina</span></span></div>
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Apabila cahaya yang masuk terlalu terang, pupil akan menyempit atau mengalami konstriksi. Bila cahaya redup, pupil akan melebar atau mengalami dilatasi. Cahaya yang dipantulkan ke mata masuk ke dalam retina khususnya pada fovea (bintik kuning). Cahaya ini dapat terfokus ke dalam fovea karena diatur oleh lensa. Lensa mata mempunyai kemampuan untuk memipih dan mencembung. Kemampuan ini disebut daya akomodasi. Coba</div>
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Anda rasakan gerakan otot mata Anda saat membaca buku ini.</div>
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Pada jarak seperti ini berarti jarak benda dekat. Apakah Anda merasakan adanya perubahan pada otot mata Anda bila dibandingkan dengan otot mata yang digunakan saat melihat benda yang jauh?</div>
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Otot yang terikat pada lensa dan dinding koroidea ini disebut otot siliaris. Otot ini berfungsi mengubah bentuk lensa. Apabila lensa digunakan untuk melihat benda jarak dekat maka lensa mata akan mencembung, bentuk lensa akan memipih bila digunakan untuk melihat benda jarak jauh. Pada retina terkandung 2 macam sel yaitu sel batang dan sel kerucut. Sel batang mengandung pigmen rhodopsin, yaitu suatu bentuk senyawa vitamin A dengan protein tertentu. Sel-sel ini paling banyak terletak di fovea dan berfungsi untuk menerima bayangan dengan cahaya lemah, dan bayangan yang terbentuk atau terpersepsi hitam putih. Perhatikan Gambar 2.</div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXhct23rD2bdFzk2tWWzvbWAAbSAWeGTX_Rcp4HSxPhsS1ycGyy9dcKlO34J5hIQv2BN5stLbGfd76ODna2YKUpAU83w1xwlwqcWV3ZjeRkELmkBtySvuAHdXaDDCcx43rlQL3iFRIk1U/s1600/Sel-kerucut-dan-sel-batang-pada-mata.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #5a66ff; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Sel kerucut dan sel batang pada mata" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXhct23rD2bdFzk2tWWzvbWAAbSAWeGTX_Rcp4HSxPhsS1ycGyy9dcKlO34J5hIQv2BN5stLbGfd76ODna2YKUpAU83w1xwlwqcWV3ZjeRkELmkBtySvuAHdXaDDCcx43rlQL3iFRIk1U/s320/Sel-kerucut-dan-sel-batang-pada-mata.jpg" style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%;" title="Sel kerucut dan sel batang pada mata" width="291" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption">Gambar 2. Sel kerucut dan sel batang pada mata</td></tr>
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Apakah Anda pernah mengalami pandangan menjadi gelap saat masuk ruangan (dari luar ruangan yang terang benderang)?</div>
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Bagaimana hal tersebut dapat terjadi? Saat Anda berada di luar ruangan (terdapat cahaya matahari) sel kerucut melakukan tugasnya menyampaikan bayangan ke otak. Sementara itu, pigmen-pigmen rhodopsin dalam sel batang akan terurai sehingga sel batang tidak dapat bekerja dengan baik. Jika tiba-tiba Anda masuk ke ruangan gelap, pigmen-pigmen rhodopsin yang terurai dalam sel batang akan terbentuk kembali, dan sel batang akan mengambil alih tugas sel kerucut dalam menyampaikan bayangan ke otak. Terbentuknya pigmen-pigmen rhodopsin itu berlangsung secara bertahap. Hal ini menyebabkan seseorang tidak dapat segera melihat dengan jelas saat memasuki ruang gelap. Lama waktu yang diperlukan untuk proses pembentukan rhodopsin disebut waktu adaptasi rhodopsin.</div>
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Selain mengandung sel batang, retina juga mengandung sel kerucut atau sel konus. Sel ini mengandung iodopsin. Fungsi sel konus untuk menerima rangsang warna merah, biru, dan hijau. Setiap satu sel kerucut mengandung satu di antara ketiga pigmen. Apabila retina mata hanya memiliki satu pigmen atau sel kerucut satu maka akan mengalami buta warna. Orang yang hanya memiliki dua macam sel kerucut disebut dikromat.</div>
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Sementara itu, orang yang hanya memiliki satu macam sel kerucut disebut monokromat. Pada monokromat, warna yang terlihat oleh mata hanya hitam dan putih serta bayangan kelabu.</div>
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Seluruh bagian retina terdapat sel-sel batang maupun sel kerucut, kecuali tempat saraf mata berada. Daerah tempat saraf mata ini sangat kecil hingga menyerupai sebuah titik saja. Titik kecil ini disebut bintik buta.</div>
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Kemampuan lensa memfokuskan bayangan pada retina berbeda-beda. Berikut ini adalah gambar lensa saat memfokuskan bayangan tersebut.</div>
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Selain harus ada cahaya, syarat agar mata dapat melihat dengan baik yaitu mata harus dalam keadaan normal. Mata normal (emetropi) yaitu mata yang dapat berakomodasi dengan baik.Titik terjauh (punctum remotum) berada pada jarak sejauhjauhnya. Titik terdekat (punctum proximum) berada pada jarak baca ideal (25 cm) di depan mata. Perhatikan Gambar 3.</div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2Ot6wGAd4TDDuJVM-FoWsM0UtjA_xeHPo_WpHLAcw5nhAGRC4mHwc1eWAy1GV_XSmklIA6I2PpO4nHlq3r9vIqmm7XaH4XY6S6sjdJLpMnErWdEkVNPtV4-PW5_S_AE0wCUYpe5UWv30/s1600/Lensa-mata-mampu-memipih-dan-mencembung.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #5a66ff; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Lensa mata mampu memipih dan mencembung" border="0" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2Ot6wGAd4TDDuJVM-FoWsM0UtjA_xeHPo_WpHLAcw5nhAGRC4mHwc1eWAy1GV_XSmklIA6I2PpO4nHlq3r9vIqmm7XaH4XY6S6sjdJLpMnErWdEkVNPtV4-PW5_S_AE0wCUYpe5UWv30/s400/Lensa-mata-mampu-memipih-dan-mencembung.jpg" style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%;" title="Lensa mata mampu memipih dan mencembung" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption">Gambar 3. Lensa mata mampu memipih (a) dan mencembung (b)</td></tr>
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Oleh karena sesuatu hal, mata dapat mengalami cacat mata. Perhatikan Gambar 4. untuk mengetahui macam-macam cacat mata.</div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnOc-kLVSP6_Vq5Qe2UJGb5ofJyxiDMGIwUfLQQNHV7zKPd2lvFhYz-UzPB57-uXqA6jPfY83BIVzAKPSAvxXr3wgqlKM3wf2vV67LRrOrOncSVag_6M6R3lNeYywF8mpQiJ6nYXvCaFw/s1600/Cacat-mata-pada-manusia-hipermetropi-dan-miopi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #5a66ff; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Cacat mata pada manusia hipermetropi dan miopi" border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnOc-kLVSP6_Vq5Qe2UJGb5ofJyxiDMGIwUfLQQNHV7zKPd2lvFhYz-UzPB57-uXqA6jPfY83BIVzAKPSAvxXr3wgqlKM3wf2vV67LRrOrOncSVag_6M6R3lNeYywF8mpQiJ6nYXvCaFw/s400/Cacat-mata-pada-manusia-hipermetropi-dan-miopi.jpg" style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%;" title="Cacat mata pada manusia hipermetropi dan miopi" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption">Gambar 4. Cacat mata pada manusia hipermetropi (a) dan miopi (b)</td></tr>
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<li style="text-align: justify;">Rabun dekat (hipermetropi) adalah cacat mata yang mengakibatkan pandangan mata kabur jika melihat benda yang dekat dengan mata. Hal ini karena lensa mata tidak dapat mencembung dengan sempurna. Rabun dekat dapat dibantu dengan kacamata berlensa positif atau cembung.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Rabun jauh (miopi) adalah cacat mata yang mengakibatkan pandangan mata kabur jika melihat benda yang jauh dari mata. Hal ini karena lensa mata tidak dapat memipih dengan sempurna. Rabun jauh dapat dibantu dengan kacamata berlensa negatif atau cekung.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Mata tua (presbiopi) adalah cacat mata yang mengakibatkan pandangan mata kabur jika melihat benda yang dekat maupun benda yang jauh. Cacat mata ini karena lensa mata tidak dapat berakomodasi dengan baik. Mata tua dapat dibantu dengan kacamata berlensa ganda.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Buta warna adalah cacat mata karena kerusakan sel konus, sehingga penderita tidak dapat membedakan warna. Biasanya merupakan cacat keturunan.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Astigmatisme adalah kecembungan kornea tidak merata sehingga bayangan menjadi tidak terfokus (kabur). Cacat mata ini dapat dibantu dengan lensa silinder (silindris).</li>
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<b>Lensa Kamera = Lensa Mata</b></div>
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Bagian-bagian, fungsi, dan proses yang terdapat pada kamera dibuat seperti mata manusia. Akan tetapi, kemampuan mata dalam mencembung dan memipihkan lensa tidak dapat ditiru oleh kamera. Kamera hanya dapat menyesuaikan jarak lensa agar maju dan mundur seperti sistem mata pada ikan dan hewan lain. (Sumber: Biologi, Kimball)</div>
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<b>Cara Mengatasi Mata Minus Secara Alami</b></div>
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Ada cara alami untuk mencegah, mengatasi, atau setidaknya untuk membuat miopi tidak semakin parah. Pertama, kurangi membaca di dalam mobil atau bus yang sedang berjalan. Kedua, lakukan latihan dengan memutar mata satu lingkaran penuh dari arah kiri ke kanan lalu dibalik dari arah kanan ke kiri. Lakukan latihan ini perlahanlahan, jangan terlalu keras agar retina tidak tertekan. Lakukan latihan tersebut berulang-ulang, jika kepala pusing, berhentilah sebentar kemudian dilanjutkan lagi. Latihan ini dapat dilakukan setiap hari selama 10 menit. Cobalah!</div>
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Anda sekarang sudah mengetahui <b><i><u>Indera Penglihatan</u></i></b>. Terima kasih anda sudah berkunjung ke <a href="http://perpustakaancyber.blogspot.com/" style="color: #5a66ff; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Perpustakaan Cyber</a>.</div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Referensi :</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Purnomo, Sudjiono, T. Joko, dan S. Hadisusanto. 2009. Biologi Kelas XI untuk SMA dan MA. Pusat Perbukuan, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, Jakarta, p. 386.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial";">http://www.nafiun.com/2012/12/indera-penglihatan-pada-manusia-mata-struktur-bagian-fungsi.html</span></span></span></span></div>
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Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-79810903328728930752018-05-06T22:18:00.002-07:002018-05-06T22:18:59.320-07:00Lensa<h1 class="post-title entry-title" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 19.6px;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Pengertian Lensa, Jenis Lensa dan Pembiasan pada Lensa">Pengertian Lensa, Jenis Lensa dan Pembiasan pada Lensa</a></h1>
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<b>1. Pengertian Lensa</b><br />Lensa merupakan benda bening yang dibatasi oleh dua buah bidang lengkung.Dua bidang lengkung yang membatasi lensa berbentuk silindris maupun bola. Lensa silindris bersifat memusatkan cahaya dari sumber titik yang jauh pada suatu garis, sedangkan lensa yang berbentuk bola yang melengkung ke segala arah memusatkan cahaya dari sumber yang jauh pada suatu titik.<br /><br /><b>2. Jenis-jenis lensa</b><br />Ada dua jenis lensa yaitu lensa cembumg dan lensa cekung.</div>
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<br />a. Lensa cembung adalah lensa yang bagian tengah lebih tebal daripada bagian tepinya. Sinar-sinar bias lensa cembung bersifat mengumpul (konvergen).</div>
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lensa cembung digolongkan menjadi :<br />1. cembung rangkap (bikonveks)<br />2. cembung datar (plan-konveks)<br />3. cembung-cekung (konkaf-konvek)</div>
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<br />b. Lensa cekung adalah lensa yang bagian tengahnya lebih tipis daripada begian tepinya. Sinar-sinar bias lensa cekung bersifat memancar (divergen).<br />lensa cekung digolongkan menjadi :<br />1. cekung rangkap (bikonkaf)<br />2.cekung datar (plan-konkaf)<br />3. cekung-cembung (konveks-konkaf).<br /><br /><b>jenis-jenis lensa</b><br /><b>3. Pembiasan cahaya pada Lensa</b><br />a. Pembiasan Cahaya pada Lensa cembung<br />Ada tiga Sinar-sinar istimewa pada pembiasan lensa cembung, yaitu :<br />1. Sinar datang menuju lensa sejajar sumbu utama lensa akan dibiaskan melalui titik fokus aktif F1 lensa<br />2. Sinar datang melalui titik fokus pasif F2 lensa akan dibiaskan sejajar dengan sumbu utama lensa<br />3. Sinar datang menuju lensa melalui titik pusat optik lensa akan</div>
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diteruskan tanpa di biaskan.<br /><br />sinar sinar istimewa pada lensa cembung<br /><br />b. Pembiasan Cahaya pada Lensa cekung<br /><br />Ada tiga sinar-sinar istimewa pada pembiasan lensa cekung yaitu :<br />1. Sinar datang menuju lensa sejajar sumbu utama akan lensa dibiaskan seakan-akan dari titik fokus aktif F1 lensa<br />2. Sinar datang menuju lensa seakan-akan melalui titik fokus pasif F2 lensa akan dibiaskan sejajar sumbu utama lensa<br />3. Sinar datang meuju lensa melalui titik pusat optik lensa akan diteruskan tanpa dibiaskan<br /><br />sinar-sinar istimewa pada lensa cekung<br /><br /><br />Rumus Lensa Tipis<br />1/f = 1/So + 1/Si<br />[M] = Si / So<br />[M] =hi/ho<br />P = 1 / f<br />Keterangan:<br />So = jarak jarak benda (m)<br />Si = jarak bayangan (m)<br />hi = tinggi bayangan<br />ho = tinggi benda<br />f = jarak fokus (m)<br />M = Perbesaran linier bayangan<br />P = Kuat lensa (dioptri)<br /><br />Perjanjian penggunaan rumus pada lensa :<br />1) Jarak fokus lensa cembung bernilai poeitif, sedangkan jark fokus lensa cekung bersifat negatif.<br />2) Jika Si, So, hi maupun ho bernilai positif bayangan bersifat nyata.<br />3) Jika Si, So, hi maupun ho bernilai negatif bayangan bersifat maya.<br />4) Jika M bernilai positif bayangan tegak dan maya.<br />5) Jika M bernilai negatif bayangan terbalik dan nyata.<br /><br />Contoh soal pembiasan pada lensa<br /> Sebuah benda berada 40 cm dari sebuah lensa. Tentukan sifat-sifat bayangan yang dihasilkan jika jarak fokus lensa 25 cm<br />a. Lensa cembung<br />b. Lensa cekung<br />Penyelesaian<br />a. lensa cembung<br /><br />S = 40 cm (di ruang II) dan f = + 25 cm,Bayangan benda oleh lensa dapat ditentukan dari dua sinar istimewa saja. Hasilnya seperti pada Gambar 5. Dari gambar itu terlihat bayangan bersifat :nyata, terbalik, diperbesar.<br />b. lensa cekung<br /><br />S = 40 cm (ruang IV) dan f = (−) 25 cm, Bayangan dapat ditentukan dari sinar istimewa ke-2 dan ke-3. Hasilnya seperti pada Gambar 1.6. Sifat bayangannya : maya, tegak, diperkecil.</div>
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Sumber : http://www.informasi-pendidikan.com/2014/12/pengertian-lensa-jenis-lensa-dan.html</div>
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Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-2290815370772440932018-05-06T22:14:00.003-07:002018-05-06T22:14:39.329-07:00Pembentukan Bayangan pada Cermin<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
<a href="http://kurniawatisuci.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/pembentukan-bayangan-pada-cermin.html" style="color: #333333; display: block; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Pembentukan Bayangan pada Cermin</a></h3>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">Pengertian Cermin</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed3c30; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed3c30; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed3c30; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed3c30; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed3c30; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed3c30; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed3c30; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed3c30; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed3c30; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed3c30; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed3c30; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed3c30; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed3c30; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #ed3c30; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: none;"></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cermin adalah kaca bening yang salah satu permukaannya dilapisi raksa sehingga dapat memantulkan cahaya yang<span style="color: black;">diterimanya.</span><span style="color: #464646;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Cermin dibagi menjadi 3 macam, yaitu :</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">1.<span style="color: black;">Cermin Datar</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cermin datar adalah kaca yang salah satu permukaannya dilapisi amalgam perak. Cermin datar dapat memantulkan seluruh berkas cahaya yang jatuh kepadanya.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sifat-sifat bayangan yang dibentuk oleh cermin datar yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bayangannya bersifat maya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sama besar dengan bendanya. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">c)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tegak</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">d)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Menghadap terbalik dengan bendanya.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">e)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jarak bayangan ke cermin sama dengan jarak benda ke cermin (jarak bayangan = jarak benda)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>2.<span style="color: black;">Cermin Cekung</span></b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cermin cekung adalah cermin yang permukaan bidang pantulnya melengkung ke dalam (cekung).Cermin cekung disebut juga cermin <u>konkaf</u>atau cermin positif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cermin cekung bersifat mengumpulkan sinar pantul (konvergen). Ketika sinar-sinar sejajar dikenakan pada cermin cekung, sinar pantulnya akan berpotongan pada satu titik, yang dinamakan titik api atau titik fokus (<i>F</i>).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sifat – sifat bayangan yang dibentuk oleh cermin cekung :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Maya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sama tegak </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">c)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Diperbesar </span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bagian-Bagian Cermin Cekung</span></u></div>
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" 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<br /><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">M : Titik pusat kelengkungan cermin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">F : Titik fokus.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">O : Titik pusat permukaan cermin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">OF : Jarak fokus, panjangnya ½ jari-jari kelengkungan cermin (f).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">OM : Sumbu utama</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">R1, R2, dan R3 : Ruang di depan cermin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">R4 : Ruang di belakang cermin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<u><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sinar – sinar istimewa pada cermin cekung</span></u></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;">Sinar datang sejajar dengan sumbu utama akan dipantulkan melalui titik fokus.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><img alt="" height="110" 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href="data:image/png;base64,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" imageanchor="1" style="color: #ed3c30; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;">Sinar datang melalui titik fokus akan dipantulkan sejajar sumbu utama.</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;"><img alt="" height="118" 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<ul style="margin: 0px 20px 20px 0px; padding-left: 40px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #ed3c30; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #ed3c30; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #ed3c30; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #ed3c30; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none;"></a>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;">Sinar datang melalui titik pusat lengkungan cermin akan dipantulkan ke titik itu juga</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<br /><br /><u><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pembentukan bayangan pada cermin cekung</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jika objek terletak di ruang III, maka bayangan yang terbentuk terletak di ruang II yang bersifat nyata, terbalik, dan diperkecil.</span><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="" height="203" 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style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0px;" width="400" /> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jika objek terletak di titik M, maka bayangan yang terbentuk adalah nyata, tebalik, dan sama besar.</span><br /><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="" height="218" 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" 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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jika objek terletak di ruang II, maka bayangan yang terbentuk berada di ruang III yang bersifat nyata, terbalik dan diperbesar.</span><br /><br /></div>
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" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0px;" width="400" /><br /><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">4. Jika objek terletak di titik F, maka bayangan yang terbentuk adalah <u>maya dan tak terhingga.</u></span><br /><br /><img alt="" height="270" src="data:image/png;base64,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" 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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">5. Jika objek terletak di ruang I, maka bayangan yang terbentuk berada di ruang IV yang bersifat <u>maya, tegak, dan diperbesar</u>.</span><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="" height="236" 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" 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<br /><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>3.Cermin Cembung</b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cermin cembung adalah cermin lengkung yang permukaan bidang pantulnya berbentuk cembung. Cermin cembung disebut juga cermin konveks atau cermin negatif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sifat – sifat bayangan yang dibentuk oleh cermin cembung :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Maya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sama tegak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> c)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Diperkecil</span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bagian- Bagian Cermin Cembung</span></u><br /><br /><img alt="" height="183" src="data:image/png;base64,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" 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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">M : Titik pusat kelengkungan cermin. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">F : Titik fokus. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">O : Titik pusat permukaan cermin. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">OF : Jarak fokus, panjangnya ½ jari-jari kelengkungan cermin. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">OM : Sumbu utama cermin. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<u><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sinar – sinar istimewa pada cermin cembung</span></u></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;">Sinar datang sejajar sumbu utama akan dipantulkan seolah-olah berasal dari titik fokus.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><img alt="" height="164" 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" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0px;" width="400" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">
<ul style="margin: 0px 20px 20px 0px; padding-left: 40px;">
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sinar datang seolah-olah menuju titik fokus akan dipantulkan sejajar sumbu utama.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><img alt="" height="179" 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" 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<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sinar datang yang menuju pusat kelengkungan cermin, akan dipantulkan seolah-olah berasal dari pusat kelengkungan yang sama.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="" height="189" 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<u><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pembentukan Bayangan Pada Cermin Cembung</span></u></div>
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<br /><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Benda yang terletak di depan cermin cembung akan selalu menghasilkan bayangan di belakang cermin dengan sifat maya, sama tegak dan diperkecil.</span><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="" height="183" 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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hubungan antara Jarak Benda (s), Jarak Bayangan (s’), dan Jarak Fokus (f) pada cermin cembung dan cekung ditentukan oleh:</span><br /><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0px;" /> </span><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /><br /><div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pada cermin cembung, nilai <i>f</i> adalah negatif (-)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pembesaran Pada Cermin Cembung dan Cermin Cekung dapat ditentukan dengan: </span><br /><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /><br /><div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0px;" /> </span><br /><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.8667px;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><i><span style="color: black;"></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk menghitung tinggi benda dan tinggi bayangan pada cermin cembung dan cermin cekung, menggunakan rumus:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><i><img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0px;" /> </i></span><br /><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><i>Keterangan :</i></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">f = </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">jarak fokus cermin (cm atau m)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">So = </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">jarak benda (cm atau m) </span><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Si <span style="color: black;">= </span></span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">jarak bayangan (cm atau m)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">M = pembesaran</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">h' </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">= tinggi bayangan</span><br /><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">h</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> = tinggi benda</span><br /></div>
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Sumber : http://kurniawatisuci.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/pembentukan-bayangan-pada-cermin.html</div>
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Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-53267286988573370682018-05-06T22:07:00.001-07:002018-05-06T22:08:43.841-07:00Sifat Sifat Cahaya <div class="section post-header" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Ubuntu, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">
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<span class="hs_cos_wrapper hs_cos_wrapper_meta_field hs_cos_wrapper_type_text" data-hs-cos-general-type="meta_field" data-hs-cos-type="text" id="hs_cos_wrapper_name" style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word;">Mengenal Macam-macam Sifat Cahaya</span></h1>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">sama seperti manusia, cahaya juga memiliki sifat-sifat tertentu, <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">lho. Wah, </em>apa aja <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">tuh? </em>Pada materi ini, kita akan membahas macam-macam sifat cahaya. Langsung saja kita mulai, <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">yuk</em>! Cahaya merupakan energi yang berbentuk gelombang elektromagnetik. Energi tersebut merupakan energi kasat mata yang memiliki panjang gelombang 380–750 nm. <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Nah, </em>gelombang elektromagnetik tidak memerlukan medium dalam perambatannya. Jadi, cahaya juga tidak memerlukan medium untuk merambat. </span></div>
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Benda dikatakan sebagai sumber cahaya ketika benda-benda tersebut mampu memancarkan gelombang cahaya. Contohnya ialah matahari, api, lampu, dan lain-lain.</div>
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Selain benda yang memancarkan cahaya, ada juga benda gelap. Benda gelap merupakan benda tidak berpijar atau tidak memancarkan gelombang cahaya. Benda gelap dibagi menjadi 3 macam, yaitu benda tak tembus cahaya yang tidak dapat meneruskan cahaya, seperti dinding dan batu; benda bening yang dapat meneruskan cahaya, seperti kaca; dan benda tembus cahaya yang dapat meneruskan sebagian cahaya, seperti kertas buram dan air keruh.</div>
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Berkas cahaya digolongkan menjadi 3 macam:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Berkas cahaya yang menyebar (divergen) merupakan berkas cahaya yang berasal dari satu titik kemudian menyebar ke segala arah.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Berkas cahaya sejajar merupakan berkas cahaya yang sejajar satu sama lain.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Berkas cahaya mengumpul merupakan berkas cahaya yang menuju satu titik tertentu (konvergen).</li>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></span><img alt="macam-macam cahaya" caption="false" data-constrained="true" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" src="https://blog.ruangguru.com/hs-fs/hubfs/cahaya.jpg?t=1525668043850&width=600&name=cahaya.jpg" srcset="https://blog.ruangguru.com/hs-fs/hubfs/cahaya.jpg?t=1525668043850&width=300&name=cahaya.jpg 300w, https://blog.ruangguru.com/hs-fs/hubfs/cahaya.jpg?t=1525668043850&width=600&name=cahaya.jpg 600w, https://blog.ruangguru.com/hs-fs/hubfs/cahaya.jpg?t=1525668043850&width=900&name=cahaya.jpg 900w, https://blog.ruangguru.com/hs-fs/hubfs/cahaya.jpg?t=1525668043850&width=1200&name=cahaya.jpg 1200w, https://blog.ruangguru.com/hs-fs/hubfs/cahaya.jpg?t=1525668043850&width=1500&name=cahaya.jpg 1500w, https://blog.ruangguru.com/hs-fs/hubfs/cahaya.jpg?t=1525668043850&width=1800&name=cahaya.jpg 1800w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom; width: 600px;" title="macam-macam cahaya" width="600" /></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: navy;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Sifat-Sifat Cahaya</strong></span></div>
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Cahaya memiliki beberapa sifat yang harus diketahui, yaitu:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left;">Cahaya dapat merambat lurus</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left;">Cahaya dapat dipantulkan</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left;">Cahaya dapat menembus benda bening</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left;">Cahaya dapat dibiaskan</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left;">Cahaya dapat diuraikan</li>
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Sifat cahaya yang pertama ialah dapat merambat lurus. Hal ini memberikan keuntungan pada manusia sehingga manusia memanfaatkan sifat cahaya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Contohnya ialah lampu senter dan lampu sorot kendaraan bermotor.</div>
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Sifat cahaya yang kedua ialah cahaya dapat dipantulkan. Ketika benda terkena cahaya, cahaya yang mengenai benda akan dipantulkan. Jenis pemantulan terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu pemantulan baur (pemantulan difus) dan pemantulan teratur.</div>
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<img alt="Image result for pemantulan baur dan teratur" caption="false" data-constrained="true" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/Lmxe1ol9wgUseY44N3FMNa58K33HOM23KXNBcn1L0fr335GNw6dZfaAq1oGoJQkahyhH_7ylhxXOXnSXCAHy8b5iJDDLGDtWWwUDUVeIB2eH1wTe8xKLEZk3sI-QgASOFgGUHqgnYduP-7zqtw" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom; width: 498px;" title="Image result for pemantulan baur dan teratur" width="498" /></div>
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Pemantulan teratur dan pemantulan baur. (Sumber: fismath.com)</div>
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Ketika cahaya mengenai permukaan rata, licin, dan mengilap, hasil pemantulannya akan teratur. Sedangkan, ketika cahaya mengenai permukaan yang tidak rata, kasar, dan bergelombang, hasil pemantulannya akan baur/difus. Pemantulan cahaya dapat memberi manfaat pada manusia. Contohnya ialah manusia dapat melihat pantulan bayangannya di cermin.</div>
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Kaca yang bening dapat ditembus oleh cahaya. Ketika kaca yang bening tersebut dihalangi oleh benda lain yang tidak bening, cahaya tidak dapat menembusnya.</div>
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Cahaya menembus benda bening. (Sumber: idschool.net)</div>
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Cahaya akan dibelokkan jika merambat melalui dua zat yang kerapatannya berbeda. Contohnya seperti udara dengan air. Peristiwa pembelokkan cahaya setelah melalui suatu medium rambat disebut dengan pembiasan cahaya.</div>
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<img alt="macam-macam sifat cahaya" caption="false" data-constrained="true" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/CBrTVDyebF8uMcDEogWa6SIVZINvAuldg6A1sIWCqZA6cFZbG06_PK_sOf6opEnuSWZgfd7IXV4UiBzA4ykrDZTQCpqA9MwVQGbTqDJVr27e8lYJdZJScgBXMYTu7QjM-N0OR7jNZb5QAoOJ2Q" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom; width: 600px;" title="macam-macam sifat cahaya" width="600" /></div>
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Ilustrasi pembiasan. (Sumber: dosenpendidikan.com)</div>
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Penguraian cahaya putih menjadi berbagai cahaya berwarna disebut penguraian cahaya atau dispersi. Cahaya matahari sebenarnya tersusun atas berbagai cahaya berwarna, <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">lho.</em> Namun, mata kita melihat cahaya matahari berwarna putih. Contoh lain dari dispersi ialah pelangi.</div>
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sumber : https://blog.ruangguru.com/mengenal-macam-macam-sifat-cahaya</div>
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Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-83746983639900824222018-03-21T18:47:00.001-07:002018-03-21T18:47:55.948-07:00Pengujian Ultrasonik<div class="itemHeader" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
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Pengujian Ultrasonic</h2>
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Pengujian terhadap Sambungan Las pada Tiang Pancang</h2>
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Tujuan pengujian ultrasonic adalah melakukan pengujian terhadap kualitas las yang digunakan untuk menyambung dua pipa tiang pancang. Pengujian</div>
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dilakukan dengan standart ANSI/AWS.DI.I (Structural Welding Code, 2002 Edition) dan Ultrasonic Examination Procedure for Steek Structure. (Doc No: UT22 HH).</div>
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Pengujian dengan menggunakan satu unit pesawat Ultrasonic model USK 7</h5>
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Krautkramer dengan dilengkapi probe normal, probe sudut 70º Block kalibrasi V1 dan V2. Coupant yang digunakan adalah CMC. Pengujian material dengan metode ultrasonic digunakan gelombang transversal maupun longitudinal. Kedua gelombang tersebut dibangkitkan oleh suatu probe (transduser) yang juga berfungsi sebagai penerima gelombang.</div>
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Prisip dasar pengujian sambungan las tiang pancang dengan adalah dengan ultrasonic test merambatkan gelombang ultrasonic ke dalam material yang akan diuji melalui transducer probe.Apabila gelombang tersebut mengenai bidang yang tegak lurus dengan arah gelombang, maka akan dipantulkan kembali dan diterima oleh transducer probe dalam bentuk pulsa pada layar CRT (monitor ultrasonic) yang merupakan pulsa cacat (defecta) atau pulsa pantulan balik dari dinding belakang.</div>
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Pengujian Beban pada Tiang Pancang Baja</h5>
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PDA test bertujuan untuk memverifikasikan kapasitas daya dukung tekan pondasi tiang pancang terpasang. Dari hasil-hasil pengujian akan didapatkan informasi besarnya kapasitas dukung termobilisir dengan faktor keamanan 2, dan dipakai untuk menilai apakah beban kerja rencana dapat diterima oleh tiang terpasang.</div>
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Pelaksanaan</h5>
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Pengujian dilaksanakan sesuai ASTM D-4945, yang dilakukan dengan memasang dua buah sensor yaitu strain transduser dan accelerometer transduser pada sisi tiang dengan posisi saling berhadapan, dekat dengan kepala tiang. Kedua sensor tersebut mempunyai fungsi ganda, masing-masing menerima perubahan percepatan dan regangan. Gelombang tekan akan merambat dari kepala tiang ke ujung bawah tiang (toe) setelah itu gelombang tersebut akan dipantulkan kembali menuju kepala tiang dan ditangkap oleh sensor. Gelombang yang diterima sensor secara otomatis akan disimpan oleh komputer. Rekaman hasil gelombang ini akan menjadi dasar bagi analisa dengan menggunakan program TNOWAVE-TNODLT, di mana gelombang pantul yang diberikan oleh reaksi tanah akibat kapasitas dukung ujung dan gerak akan memberikan kapasitas dukung termobilisasi (mobilized capacity). Hasil Pengujian Angka penurunan yang diambil sebagai immediate displacement (perpindahan sesaat) saat beban mencapai kapasitas dukung dengan faktor keamanan (FK) = 2, dan tidak menyatakan penurunan konsolidasi. Beban kerja yang diharapkan per-tiang adalah 140 ton.</div>
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Dari hasil uji pembebanan dinamis meliputi kapasitas dukung termobilisasi, yang besarnya ditentukan oleh beban dan energi, maka kapasitas dukung termobilisasi dengan FK=2 yang dihasilkan dinilai memenuhi target beban rencana dengan penurunan (displacement) dan masih dalam batas yang aman.</div>
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Sumber : </div>
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http://bpws.go.id/index.php/pengendalian-mutu/item/206-pengujian-ultrasonic</div>
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Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-73798831307508431362018-03-21T18:44:00.000-07:002018-03-21T18:44:15.293-07:00Pembersih Ultrasonik <header class="entry-header" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040;"><h1 class="entry-title" style="box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0.67em 0px;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Bagaimana ultrasonik cleaner bekerja ???</span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="PS-20A" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1533" data-wp-pid="1533" height="274" src="http://ukurkadarair.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/PS-20A.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="289" /><img alt="ps-06ab" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-1530" data-wp-pid="1530" height="139" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" src="http://ukurkadarair.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/ps-06ab-300x139.jpg" srcset="https://ukurkadarair.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/ps-06ab-300x139.jpg 300w, https://ukurkadarair.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/ps-06ab.jpg 365w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Bagaimana ultrasonik cleaner bekerja ???</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://ukurkadarair.com/category/ultrasonic-cleaner/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #616161; text-decoration-line: none;">Pembersihan ultrasonik</a> adalah penghapusan yang cepat dan lengkap kontaminan dari objek dengan cara membenamkan mereka dalam tangki cairan dibanjiri dengan frekuensi tinggi gelombang suara. Gelombang suara yang tidak terdengar membuat aksi sikat menggosok dalam cairan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Proses ini disebabkan oleh frekuensi tinggi energi listrik yang diubah oleh transducer menjadi gelombang suara frekuensi tinggi – energi ultrasonik. Kemampuannya untuk membersihkan zat bahkan yang paling ulet dari item berasal dari inti unit: transduser. Kekuatan membersihkan dari unit berasal dari kinerja transduser.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Efisiensi transduser akan mempengaruhi baik waktu pembersihan dan kemanjuran dicapai selama siklus pembersihan. Sebuah transduser berkualitas buruk akan menggunakan daya lebih dan memakan waktu lebih lama untuk membersihkan barang-barang dari transduser yang baik.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Ultrasonic cleaning<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Energi ultrasonik memasuki cairan dalam tangki dan menyebabkan pembentukan cepat dan runtuhnya gelembung menit: sebuah fenomena yang dikenal sebagai kavitasi. Gelembung meningkat pesat dalam ukuran sampai mereka meledak terhadap permukaan item direndam dalam tangki dalam pelepasan energi yang sangat besar, yang mengangkat kontaminasi dari permukaan dan relung terdalam bagian berbentuk rumit.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Ini adalah kemampuan untuk membersihkan sendi box, engsel dan benang dengan cepat dan efektif yang telah membuat pembersih ultrasonik pilihan pertama bagi banyak industri selama lebih dari 25 tahun.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ada banyak variabel yang perlu mempertimbangkan saat membersihkan barang-barang. Panas, listrik, frekuensi, jenis deterjen dan waktu semua mempengaruhi proses pembersihan tetapi fleksibilitas ultrasonik berarti bahwa ini semua dapat dimasukkan ke dalam proses untuk mencapai hasil yang paling efektif.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sebagai gelembung meledak dan kavitasipasti akan terjadi, larutan pembersih bergegas ke dalam celah yang ditinggalkan oleh gelembung. Sebagai cairan ini membuat kontak dengan forceps, kontaminan yang hadir akan dihapus.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Bagaimana ultrasonik cleaner bekerja ???</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kegiatan ultrasonik (kavitasi) membantu solusi untuk mempercepat melakukan tugasnya; air putih biasanya tidak akan efektif. Larutan pembersih mengandung bahan yang dirancang untuk membuat pembersihan ultrasonik lebih efektif. Misalnya, pengurangan tegangan permukaan meningkatkan kadar kavitasi, sehingga solusi mengandung bahan pembasah yang baik ( surfaktan ). Larutan pembersih berair mengandung deterjen, agen pembasahan dan komponen lainnya, dan memiliki pengaruh besar pada proses pembersihan. Komposisi yang tepat dari solusi ini sangat tergantung pada item yang dibersihkan. Solusi sebagian besar digunakan hangat, sekitar 50-65 ° C (122-149 ° F), namun, dalam aplikasi medis secara umum diterima bahwa pembersihan harus pada suhu di bawah 38 ° C (100 ° F) untuk mencegah koagulasi protein.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Solusi berbasis air lebih terbatas dalam kemampuan mereka untuk menghilangkan kontaminan oleh aksi kimiawi saja daripada solusi pelarut; misalnya untuk bagian halus ditutupi dengan lemak tebal. Upaya yang diperlukan untuk merancang sistem air-pembersihan yang efektif untuk tujuan tertentu jauh lebih besar daripada untuk sistem pelarut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Beberapa mesin (yang tidak terlalu besar) yang terintegrasi dengan degreasing uap mesin menggunakan cairan pembersih hidrokarbon: Tiga tank digunakan dalam kaskade. Semakin rendah tangki berisi cairan kotor dipanaskan menyebabkan cairan menguap. Di bagian atas mesin ada koil pendingin. Cairan mengembun pada koil dan jatuh ke dalam tangki atas. Tangki atas akhirnya meluap dan cairan bersih berjalan ke dalam tangki kerja di mana pembersihan berlangsung. Harga beli lebih tinggi dari mesin sederhana, namun mesin tersebut ekonomis dalam jangka panjang. Cairan yang sama dapat digunakan kembali berkali-kali, meminimalkan pemborosan dan polusi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Carbon tetrachloride digunakan di masa lalu, tapi sekarang dilarang sebagai bahaya kesehatan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lihat berbagai produk lengkap kami <a href="http://ukurkadarair.com/category/ultrasonic-cleaner/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #616161; text-decoration-line: none;">di sini</a> atau <a href="http://ukurkadarair.com/contact-support/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #616161; text-decoration-line: none;">hubungi kami</a> untuk mendiskusikan kebutuhan pembersih Anda hari ini.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sumber : </span></div>
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<span style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">https://ukurkadarair.com/bagaimana-ultrasonik-cleaner-bekerja/</span></div>
</div>
Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-51329200070711854002018-03-21T18:41:00.001-07:002018-03-21T18:41:14.658-07:00Terapi Ultrasonik<header class="article-head" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2d3539; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 40px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><h1 itemprop="headline" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #392415; font-size: 30px; letter-spacing: -0.04em; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">
Apa itu Terapi Ultrasound: Gambaran Umum, Manfaat, dan Hasil yang Diharapkan</h1>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Apa itu Terapi Ultrasound</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Terapi ultrasound adalah metode pengobatan yang menggunakan teknologi ultrasound atau gelombang suara untuk merangsang jaringan tubuh yang mengalami kerusakan. Walaupun telah lama digunakan di bidang kedokteran untuk berbagai tujuan, teknologi ultrasound lebih dikenal sebagai alat pemeriksaan daripada sebagai alat terapi. Salah satu keuntungan terapeutik dari ultrasound yang belum terlalu dikenal adalah pengobatan cedera otot. Oleh karena itu, terapi ultrasound sering digunakan dalam pengobatan muskuloskeletal dan <a href="https://www.docdoc.com/id/id/info/specialty/kedokteran-olahraga" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1fa4ec; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">cedera akibat olahraga</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Keberhasilan penggunaan teknologi ultrasound sebagai alat terapi bergantung pada kemampuannya untuk merangsang jaringan yang ada di bawah kulit dengan menggunakan gelombang suara frekuensi tinggi, mulai dari 800.000 Hz – 2.000.000 Hz. Efek penyembuhan dari ultrasound pertama ditemukan pada sekitar tahun 1940. Awalnya, terapi ini hanya digunakan oleh terapis fisik dan <a href="https://www.docdoc.com/id/id/info/specialty/terapi-okupasional" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1fa4ec; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">okupasi</a>. Namun, saat ini penggunaan terapi ultrasound telah menyebar ke cabang ilmu kedokteran lainnya.</span></div>
<h2 id="siapa_yang_perlu_menjalani_terapi_ultrasound_dan_hasil_yang_diharapkan" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0f899a; letter-spacing: -0.04em; margin: 40px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Siapa yang Perlu Menjalani Terapi Ultrasound dan Hasil yang Diharapkan</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Saat ini, terapi ultrasound lebih banyak digunakan dalam pengobatan cedera muskuloskeletal. Pasien yang dapat memanfaatkan teknologi ultrasound sebagai terapi muskuloskeletal adalah mereka yang menderita penyakit berikut:</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Plantar fasciitis (peradangan pada fascia plantar di tumit)</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Siku tenis</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nyeri pada bagian bawah punggung</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Penyakit temporomandibular</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ligamen yang terkilir</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Otot yang tegang</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tendonitis (peradangan tendon)</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Peradangan sendi</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Metatarsalgia (peradangan sendi metatarsal di telapak kaki)</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Iritasi sendi facet</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sindrom tabrakan (impingement syndrome)</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bursitis (peradangan bursa/kantung cairan sendi)</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.docdoc.com/id/id/info/condition/osteoarthritis/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1fa4ec; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Osteoartritis</a> (pengapuran sendi)</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jaringan luka</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Artritis reumatoid</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Namun, tergantung pada cara dan tingkat penggunaan terapi ultrasound, terapi ini juga dapat digunakan untuk menangani penyakit yang serius dan kronis seperti kanker. Jenis metode terapi ultrasound antara lain adalah:</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lithotripsi (untuk menghancurkan batu di saluran kemih)</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Terapi kanker</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pemberian obat tepat sasaran dengan ultrasound</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ultrasound Intensitas Tinggi (High Intensity Focused Ultrasound/HIFU)</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pemberian obat dengan ultrasound trans-dermal</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Penghentian pendarahan (hemostasis) dengan ultrasound</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Trombolisis dengan bantuan ultrasound</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Setelah dipancarkan pada bagian tubuh yang membutuhkan pengobatan, teknologi ultrasound akan menyebabkan dua efek utama: termal dan non-termal. Efek termal disebabkan oleh penyerapan gelombang suara ke jaringan halus tubuh, sedangkan efek non-termal disebabkan oleh microstreaming, streaming akustik, dan kavitasi, atau akibat bergetarnya jaringan yang menyebabkan terbentuknya gelembung mikroskopis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Cara Kerja Terapi Ultrasound</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Terapi ultrasound memiliki banyak tingkat, tergantung pada frekuensi dan intensitas dari suara yang digunakan. Tingkat keragaman yang tinggi ini sangat menguntungkan untuk alat terapeutik karena terapis dapat menyesuaikan intensitas terapi agar sesuai dengan penyakit yang ditangani. Namun pada dasarnya terapi ultrasound bekerja dengan menggunakan gelombang suara yang ketika dipancarkan pada bagian tertentu tubuh dapat meningkatkan suhu dari jaringan tubuh yang rusak.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Untuk pengobatan muskuloskeletal, terapi ultrasound bekerja dengan tiga cara:</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mempercepat proses penyembuhan dengan memperlancar aliran darah di bagian tubuh yang mengalami gangguan.</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Menyembuhkan peradangan dan edema (penimbunan cairan), sehingga dapat mengurangi rasa sakit.</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Memperlunak jaringan luka</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Terapi ultrasound juga dapat digunakan untuk:</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Menghancurkan timbunan zat asing di dalam tubuh, seperti timbunan kalkulus, mis. batu ginjal dan <a href="https://www.docdoc.com/id/id/info/condition/batu-empedu" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1fa4ec; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">batu empedu</a>; ketika telah dipecahkan menjadi bagian-bagian yang lebih kecil, dapat dikeluarkan dari tubuh dengan aman dan mudah</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Meningkatkan proses penyerapan dan keberhasilan obat di bagian tubuh tertentu, mis. memastikan bahwa obat kemoterapi mengenai sel kanker otak yang tepat</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Menghilangkan timbunan kotoran ketika tindakan pembersihan gigi</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Membantu sedot lemak, mis. sedot lemak dengan bantuan ultrasound</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Membantu dalam skleroterapi atau perawatan laser endovenous, yang dapat digunakan sebagai metode penghilangan varises non-bedah</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Memicu agar gigi atau tulang dapat tumbuh kembali (hanya ketika menggunakan denyut ultrasound intensitas rendah)</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Menghilangkan penghalang darah di otak (blood-brain barrier) agar obat dapat diserap tubuh dengan baik</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bekerja bersama antibiotik untuk menghancurkan bakteri</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Untuk mendapatkan manfaat dari terapi ini, ultrasound harus dipancarkan pada kulit dari bagian tubuh yang mengalami kerusakan dengan menggunakan transduser atau alat yang dirancang khusus untuk terapi ini. Saat gelombang suara telah dipancarkan, gelombang tersebut akan diserap oleh jaringan halus tubuh, seperti ligamen, tendon, dan fascia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Kemungkinan Komplikasi dan Resiko Terapi Ultrasound</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Walaupun teknologi ultrasound telah banyak digunakan, namun tetap ada panduan cara penggunaan ultrasound yang aman. Panduan ini bertujuan untuk mencegah risiko tertentu yang dapat terjadi, sekecil apapun kemungkinannya. Risiko tersebut meliputi:</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Luka bakar akibat terapi ultrasound</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pendarahan akibat terapi mekanis</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Efek biologis yang tidak terlalu berpengaruh namun tidak dapat diperkirakan</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Namun, karena terapi ultrasound hanya menggunakan gelombang suara sebagai komponen utama dalam pengobatan, terapi ini tidak memiliki risiko bahaya seperti terapi lainnya seperti bahaya dari terapi radiasi. Selain itu, pasien tidak berisiko terkena kanker, walaupun terapi ultrasound dilakukan berkali-kali dan jumlah gelombang suara yang dikenakan pada pasien bertambah.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Untuk memastikan keamanan dan keselamatan pasien, risiko dan keuntungan dari terapi ultrasound harus dicermati dengan seksama. Sebelum menjalani terapi ultrasound, pasien harus membandingkan keuntungan yang bisa didapatkan dengan risiko yang bisa terjadi.</span></div>
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Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-66080256260478059202018-03-21T18:38:00.000-07:002018-03-21T18:38:03.721-07:00Sonar <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="id" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
Sonar</h1>
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<b>Sonar</b> (Singkatan dari <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>: <b>so</b>und <b>n</b>avigation <b>a</b>nd <b>r</b>anging), merupakan istilah <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika</a> yang pertama kali digunakan semasa Perang Dunia, yang berarti penjarakan dan navigasi suara, adalah sebuah teknik yang menggunakan penjalaran <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suara" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Suara">suara</a> dalam air untuk <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigasi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Navigasi">navigasi</a> atau mendeteksi kendaraan air lainnya. Sementara itu, <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inggris">Inggris</a> punya sebutan lain untuk sonar, yakni <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASDIC&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ASDIC (halaman belum tersedia)">ASDIC</a> (<i>Anti-Submarine Detection Investigation Committee</i>).</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Cara_Kerja">Cara Kerja</span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:US_Navy_100708-N-4776G-203_Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal_Technician_3rd_Class_Jonathan_Sokol_conducts_training_on_a_AN-PQS_2A_hand_held_sonar.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2832" data-file-width="4256" height="200" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/US_Navy_100708-N-4776G-203_Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal_Technician_3rd_Class_Jonathan_Sokol_conducts_training_on_a_AN-PQS_2A_hand_held_sonar.jpg/300px-US_Navy_100708-N-4776G-203_Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal_Technician_3rd_Class_Jonathan_Sokol_conducts_training_on_a_AN-PQS_2A_hand_held_sonar.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/US_Navy_100708-N-4776G-203_Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal_Technician_3rd_Class_Jonathan_Sokol_conducts_training_on_a_AN-PQS_2A_hand_held_sonar.jpg/450px-US_Navy_100708-N-4776G-203_Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal_Technician_3rd_Class_Jonathan_Sokol_conducts_training_on_a_AN-PQS_2A_hand_held_sonar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/US_Navy_100708-N-4776G-203_Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal_Technician_3rd_Class_Jonathan_Sokol_conducts_training_on_a_AN-PQS_2A_hand_held_sonar.jpg/600px-US_Navy_100708-N-4776G-203_Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal_Technician_3rd_Class_Jonathan_Sokol_conducts_training_on_a_AN-PQS_2A_hand_held_sonar.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:US_Navy_100708-N-4776G-203_Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal_Technician_3rd_Class_Jonathan_Sokol_conducts_training_on_a_AN-PQS_2A_hand_held_sonar.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Perbesar"></a></div>
AN-PQS 2A hand held sonar</div>
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Sonar merupakan sistem yang menggunakan <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelombang_suara" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gelombang suara">gelombang suara</a> bawah air yang dipancarkan dan dipantulkan untuk mendeteksi dan menetapkan lokasi objek di bawah laut atau untuk mengukur jarak bawah laut. Sejauh ini sonar telah luas digunakan untuk mendeteksi <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_selam" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kapal selam">kapal selam</a> dan <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjau_laut" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ranjau laut">ranjau</a>, mendeteksi kedalaman, penangkapan ikan komersial, keselamatan penyelaman, dan komunikasi di laut.</div>
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Cara kerja perlengkapan sonar adalah dengan mengirim gelombang suara bawah permukaan dan kemudian menunggu untuk gelombang pantulan (<i>echo</i>). Data suara dipancar ulang ke <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Operator">operator</a> melalui pengeras suara atau ditayangkan pada monitor.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Sejarah">Sejarah</span></h2>
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Munculnya sonar tak bisa dilepas dari rintisan tokoh seperti <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Colloden&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Daniel Colloden (halaman belum tersedia)">Daniel Colloden</a> yang pada tahun <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1822" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1822">1822</a> menggunakan lonceng bawah air untuk menghitung kecepatan suara di bawah air di <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danau_Geneva&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Danau Geneva (halaman belum tersedia)">Danau Geneva</a>, <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Swiss">Swiss</a>. Ini kemudian diikuti oleh <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Nixon&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lewis Nixon (halaman belum tersedia)">Lewis Nixon</a>, yang pada tahun <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1906">1906</a> menemukan alat pendengar bertipe sonar pertama untuk mendeteksi puncak gunung es. Minat terhadap sonar makin tinggi pada era <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a>, yaitu ketika ada kebutuhan untuk bisa mendeteksi kapal selam.</div>
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Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya ada nama <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Langevin&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul Langevin (halaman belum tersedia)">Paul Langevin</a> yang tahun <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1915">1915</a> menemukan alat sonar pertama untuk mendeteksi <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_selam" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kapal selam">kapal selam</a> dengan menggunakan sifat-sifat <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piezoelektrik_kuartz&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Piezoelektrik kuartz (halaman belum tersedia)">piezoelektrik kuartz</a>. Meski tak sempat terlibat lebih jauh dalam upaya perang, karya Langevin berpengaruh besar dalam desain sonar.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Dua_Jenis_Sonar">Dua Jenis Sonar</span></h2>
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Alat sonar pertama digolongkan sebagai <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonar_pasif&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sonar pasif (halaman belum tersedia)">sonar pasif</a>, di mana tidak ada sinyal yang dikirim keluar.</div>
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Pada tahun <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1918">1918</a> Inggris dan AS membuat sistem aktif, di mana sinyal <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonar_aktif&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sonar aktif (halaman belum tersedia)">sonar aktif</a> dikirim dan diterima kembali. Misalnya saja untuk mengetahui jarak satu objek, petugas sonar mengukur waktu yang diperlukan oleh sinyal sejak dipancarkan hingga diterima kembali. Karena tidak ada sinyal yang dikirim pada sistem pasif, alat hanya mendengarkan. Pada sistem pasif maju, ada bank <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_sonik&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Data sonik (halaman belum tersedia)">data sonik</a> (sumber bunyi) yang besar. Sistem komputer menggunakan bank data tadi untuk mengenali kelas kapal, juga aksinya (kecepatan atau senjata yang ditembakkan).</div>
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Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-39247863664250636672018-03-21T18:35:00.000-07:002018-03-21T18:35:22.314-07:00Ultrasonografi (USG)<h1 class="graf graf--h3 graf--leading graf--title" id="58da" name="58da" style="--margin-top-multiplier: 0; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Sans", Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 42px; letter-spacing: -0.015em; line-height: 1.04; margin: 0px 0px 0px -2.63px; padding-top: 5px !important;">
Mengenal Lebih Jauh Alat Kedokteran, Ultrasonografi</h1>
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<span class="markup--strong markup--p-strong" style="font-weight: 700;"><em class="markup--em markup--p-em" style="font-feature-settings: 'liga' 1, 'salt' 1;">Mengenal Lebih Jauh Alat Kedokteran, Ultrasonografi — </em></span>Ultrasonografi (USG) adalah sebuah metode diagnosis pencitraan yang menggunakan suara ultra berfrekuensi tinggi untuk menggambarkan organ internal. Resolusi gambar yang ditampilkan dipengaruhi oleh frekuensi yang dipilih ketika pemerikasaan. Biasanya frekuensi yang beroperasi mulai dari 2 MHz hingga 13 MHz.</div>
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<a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="https://www.medicalogy.com/c/beli-usg" href="https://www.medicalogy.com/c/beli-usg" rel="nofollow noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); background-color: transparent; background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.68) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.07em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 2px 0.1em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">USG</a> dalam dunia medis dapat digunakan secara luas. Pada saat pelaksaan prosedur terapi atau diagnosis ultrasonografi dapat digunakan, misalnya saja untuk pengeluaran cairan atau biopsy.</div>
<figure class="graf graf--figure graf-after--p" id="5aa3" name="5aa3" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 43px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; position: relative; user-select: auto; z-index: 100;"><div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked" style="margin: 0px auto; max-height: 393px; max-width: 700px; position: relative; width: 700px;">
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USG biasanya digunakan oleh dokter spesialis kandungan untuk memeriksa dan melihat masa kehamilan atau bisa juga digunakan untuk memperkirakan usia kandungan serta hari persalinannya.</div>
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Pesawat ultrasonografi memiliki bagian-bagian penting yang digunakan untuk melakukan pelaksanaan pemeriksaan, yaitu:</div>
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<li class="graf graf--li graf-after--p" id="909f" name="909f" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 30px;">Central processing unit (CPU)</li>
<li class="graf graf--li graf-after--li" id="eee3" name="eee3" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 30px;">Probe</li>
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<li class="graf graf--li graf-after--li" id="5763" name="5763" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 30px;">Display</li>
<li class="graf graf--li graf-after--li" id="35c4" name="35c4" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 30px;">Analog digital converter</li>
<li class="graf graf--li graf-after--li" id="f396" name="f396" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 30px;">Kursor</li>
<li class="graf graf--li graf-after--li" id="cb9c" name="cb9c" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 30px;">Disk storage</li>
<li class="graf graf--li graf-after--li" id="2cb0" name="2cb0" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 30px;">Printer</li>
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Probe bekerja sebagai penerima gelombang suara sekaligus pemancarnya. Generator akan mengasilkan pulsa listrik yang kemudian diubah menjadi energy akuistik oleh probe yang akan dipancarkan dari arah tertentu pada bagian tubuh yang akan diperiksa.</div>
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Energy tersebut sebagian dipantulkan dan sebagian lagi merambat kemudian menembus pada jaringan yang akan membuat bermacam echo yang sesuai dengan jaringan yang dilaluinya.</div>
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Pantulan echo dari jaringan tersebut akan membentur probe yang kemudian akan diubah menjadi pulsa listrik dan diperkuat dimana selanjutnya akan diperlihatkan dalam bentuk cahaya dalam layar oscilloscope. Jadi ketika Probe digerakkan pada bagian tubuh yang diingikan, gambar yang terdapat pada dalam tubuh tersebut bisa dilihat dalam monitor.</div>
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Pada awalnya ultrasonografi digunakan untuk terapi, bukan digunakan untuk diagnosis seperti sekarang ini. Lambat laun, ultrasonografi digunakan dalam beberapa ruang dalam dunia medis, dimana dalam dunia kedokteran saat ini USG digunakan untuk alat bantu dalam melakukan diagnosa pada bagian tubuh yang terbagun atau terbentuk dari suatu cairan.</div>
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USG dalam dunia medis digunakan dalam:</div>
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<li class="graf graf--li graf-after--p" id="b582" name="b582" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 30px;"><a class="markup--anchor markup--li-anchor" data-href="https://www.medicalogy.com/c/beli-alat-kardiologi" href="https://www.medicalogy.com/c/beli-alat-kardiologi" rel="nofollow noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); background-color: transparent; background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.68) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.07em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 2px 0.1em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span class="markup--strong markup--li-strong" style="font-weight: 700;">Kardiologi</span></a></li>
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Kardiologi merupakan alat yang digunakan khusus untuk pengobatan yang mempengaruhi pembuluh darah dan jantung. Semua yang berhubungan dengan kelainan jantung, seperti jantung koroner, gagal jantung, penyakit jantung valvular, aritmia dan elektrofisiologi, serta kelainan dari pembuluh darah.</div>
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Dokter yang menangani hal ini biasanya merupakan dokter spresialis penyakit dalam.</div>
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<li class="graf graf--li graf-after--p" id="afec" name="afec" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 30px;"><span class="markup--strong markup--li-strong" style="font-weight: 700;">Endokrinologi</span></li>
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Endrokinologi adalah cabang dari salah satu ilmu kedokteran yang menangani penyakit pada sisten endokkrin dan juga sekresi.</div>
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<li class="graf graf--li graf-after--p" id="0c71" name="0c71" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 30px;"><span class="markup--strong markup--li-strong" style="font-weight: 700;">Ginekologi</span></li>
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Ginekologi merupakan ilmu kedokteran dimana khusus mempelajari penyakit sistem reproduksi wanita.</div>
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<li class="graf graf--li graf-after--p" id="337e" name="337e" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 30px;"><span class="markup--strong markup--li-strong" style="font-weight: 700;">Urologi</span></li>
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Urologi alah cabang ilmu kedokteran dimana mempelajari kelainan yang terjadi pada saluran kemih dan juga ginetal pada laki-laki dan juga saluran kemih pada wanita. Gejala yang timbul pada saat terjadi kelainan adalah urine keruh, berkemih menjadi lebih sering, nyeri saat berkemih, beser, kelainan ereksi, dan lain-lain.</div>
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Aspek medis yang dilakukan dalam kelainan urologi dilakukan dengan pengobatan sebelum dilakukan tidakan operasi.</div>
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Tidak semua organ dalam dapat dilihat menggunakan alat USG. Ada beberapa organ tubuh yang tidak bisa menggunakan USG untuk melihatnya. Organ tubuh yang tidak dapat menggunkan USG ketika ingin memantaunya adalah lambung dan usus.</div>
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Lambung dan usus tidak bisa dipantau dengan menggunakan USG karena kedua organ tersebut mengandung gas sehingga ketika diperiksa menggunakan pesawat USG, pantulan yang akan ditampilkan pada monitor akan buyar.</div>
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<canvas class="progressiveMedia-canvas js-progressiveMedia-canvas" height="55" style="backface-visibility: hidden; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 521px; left: 0px; margin: auto; opacity: 0; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: visibility 0s linear 0.5s, opacity 0.1s 0.4s; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: hidden; width: 700px;" width="75"></canvas><img class="progressiveMedia-image js-progressiveMedia-image" data-src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/0*RUXrTxM5Za87AaRt.jpg" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/0*RUXrTxM5Za87AaRt.jpg" style="backface-visibility: hidden; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 521px; left: 0px; margin: auto; opacity: 1; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: visibility 0s linear 0s, opacity 0.4s 0s; visibility: visible; width: 700px; z-index: 100;" /></div>
</div>
</figure><div class="graf graf--p graf-after--figure" id="ffcf" name="ffcf" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84); font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-top: 38px;">
Selain USG kandungan dan juga USG jantung atau echo, USG biasanya diperuntukkan seluruh abdomen dimana seluruh abdomen ini dibagi manjadi 2 bagian, yaitu:</div>
<ol class="postList" style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84); counter-reset: post 0; font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 20px; list-style: none none; margin: 29px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="graf graf--li graf-after--p" id="8407" name="8407" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 30px;">Upper abdomen</li>
</ol>
<div class="graf graf--p graf-after--li" id="55bf" name="55bf" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84); font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-top: 29px;">
Upper abdomen ini merupakan organ tubuh yang ada dalam tubuh bagian atas yang terdiri dari:</div>
<ul class="postList" style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84); counter-reset: post 0; font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 20px; list-style: none none; margin: 29px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="graf graf--li graf-after--p" id="7ece" name="7ece" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 30px;">Thyroid</li>
<li class="graf graf--li graf-after--li" id="e3d6" name="e3d6" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 30px;">Payudara</li>
<li class="graf graf--li graf-after--li" id="b938" name="b938" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 30px;">Liver atau hati</li>
<li class="graf graf--li graf-after--li" id="6ab5" name="6ab5" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 30px;">Limpa</li>
<li class="graf graf--li graf-after--li" id="2eea" name="2eea" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 30px;">Pangkreas</li>
</ul>
<ol class="postList" style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84); counter-reset: post 0; font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 20px; list-style: none none; margin: 29px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="graf graf--li graf-after--li" id="955c" name="955c" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 30px;">Lower abdomen</li>
</ol>
<div class="graf graf--p graf-after--li" id="5948" name="5948" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84); font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-top: 29px;">
Lower abdomen ini merupakan organ tubuh yang ada dalam tubuh bagian bawah yang terdiri dari:</div>
<ul class="postList" style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84); counter-reset: post 0; font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 20px; list-style: none none; margin: 29px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="graf graf--li graf-after--p" id="d8df" name="d8df" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 30px;">Ginjal</li>
<li class="graf graf--li graf-after--li" id="2687" name="2687" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 30px;">Kandung kemih</li>
<li class="graf graf--li graf-after--li" id="5bf3" name="5bf3" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 30px;">Prostat</li>
</ul>
<div class="graf graf--p graf-after--li" id="6948" name="6948" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84); font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-top: 29px;">
Ketika melakukan pemeriksaan pada bagian yang diinginkan, terlebih dahuluh bagian tubuh tersebut diolesi gel berair untuk memastikan penyerasian antara pasien dan alat yang digunakan untuk memeriksa, dimana alat ini merupakan bagian dari pesawat USG yang disebut dengan probe.</div>
<div class="graf graf--p graf-after--p graf--trailing" id="9951" name="9951" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84); font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-top: 29px;">
Untuk memperoleh alat ultrasonogafi ini Anda tidak perlu bingung, karena <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="https://www.medicalogy.com/" href="https://www.medicalogy.com/" rel="nofollow noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); background-color: transparent; background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.68) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.07em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 2px 0.1em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Medicalogy </a>hadir untuk memenuhi kebutuhan Anda terhadap alat kedokteran, alat kesehatan dan juga alat laboratorium termasuk alat USG ini.</div>
<div class="graf graf--p graf-after--p graf--trailing" id="9951" name="9951" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84); font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-top: 29px;">
<br /></div>
<div class="graf graf--p graf-after--p graf--trailing" id="9951" name="9951" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84); font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-top: 29px;">
Sumber : </div>
<div class="graf graf--p graf-after--p graf--trailing" id="9951" name="9951" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; background-color: white; line-height: 1.58; margin-top: 29px;">
<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.83921568627451); font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.063px;">https://medium.com/@dennywildan16/mengenal-lebih-jauh-alat-kedokteran-ultrasonografi-9699eeff4dd</span></span></div>
<div class="graf graf--p graf-after--p graf--trailing" id="9951" name="9951" style="--baseline-multiplier: 0.17; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84); font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 1.58; margin-top: 29px;">
<br /></div>
Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-997922236983367522018-03-21T18:31:00.003-07:002018-03-21T18:31:35.430-07:00Pendengaran Pada Hewan <h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Pendengaran Pada Hewan </span></h3>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></h3>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Frekuensi Suara Yang Bisa Didengar Binatang</span></h3>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Frekuensi suara yang bisa didengar oleh binatang sebenarnya adalah bermacam-macam tergantung dari jenis binatang itu sendiri. <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Ada</st1:city></st1:place> yang mendekati dengan batas frekuensi yang bisa didengar oleh manusia dan ada juga yang jauh diatas frekuensi pendengaran manusia. Berdasarkan range frekuensi, gelombang suara dapat dibedakan menjadi 3 (tiga) macam yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Infrasonic (1 Hz sd 20 Hz)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Acoustic (20 Hz sd 20.000 Hz)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ultrasonic ( > 20.000 H)</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibuq0LQpJUlbQtzW8HDwGrTQBnMiuBKG1f8FKs_-cSfGZ2s32i2cTMqISZXchWq5IRJxAEh5ueGrIJ2qsZVwz3WQ9KkvclB04fWyHM01p25JDQI8rx3j67Bm9lx2WnLd63gKXTJymlg0XA/s1600/gambar+freq+binatang.JPG" style="color: dimgrey; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5476266103764335314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibuq0LQpJUlbQtzW8HDwGrTQBnMiuBKG1f8FKs_-cSfGZ2s32i2cTMqISZXchWq5IRJxAEh5ueGrIJ2qsZVwz3WQ9KkvclB04fWyHM01p25JDQI8rx3j67Bm9lx2WnLd63gKXTJymlg0XA/s320/gambar+freq+binatang.JPG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 134px; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 5px; position: relative; text-align: left; width: 417px;" /></span></a><div id="adsense-content" style="margin: 25px; text-align: center;">
<ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9694273030864261" data-ad-slot="7865524935" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="display: inline-block; height: 280px; width: 336px;"><ins id="aswift_0_expand" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; display: inline-table; height: 280px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 336px;"><ins id="aswift_0_anchor" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; display: block; height: 280px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 336px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /><iframe allowfullscreen="true" allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" height="280" hspace="0" id="aswift_0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="aswift_0" scrolling="no" style="height: 280px; left: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: left; top: 0px; width: 336px;" vspace="0" width="336"></iframe></span></ins></ins></ins></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berikut beberapa contoh hewan dengan batas frekuensi yang bisa didengarnya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b>Frekuensi Yang Bisa Didengar Kelelawar<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kelelawar merupakan hewan yang bisa terbang dalam kegelapan. Mereka tidak menggunakan mata untuk melihat dalam gelap melainkan dengan menggunakan suara dengan frekuensi tinggi atau yang lebih dikenal sebagai gelombang ultrasonic. Ketika terbang kelelawar memancarkan gelombang ultrasonic yang kemudian gelombang tersebut akan diterima kembali oleh kelelawar setelah dipantulkan kembali oleh benda atau dinding yang berada dihadapannya. Dengan merasakan lamanya jeda waktu antara pengiriman gelombang dengan penerimaan maka kelelawar dapat menentukan seberapa jauh jarak tubuhnya dengan benda tersebut, itu sebabnya mereka tidak akan menabrak dinding atau benda dihadapan mereka walaupun dalam keadaan gelap sekalipun. Teori ini sekarang sudah dimanfaatkan oleh manusia untuk mengukur jarak suatu benda, seperti pada pengukuran jarak kedalaman laut dan pendeteksi dinding penghalang pada aplikasi robot. Batas frekuensi yang bisa didengar oleh kelelawar adalah 3.000 HZ sd 120.000 Hz, dimana frekuensi ini jauh diatas frekuensi suara yang bisa didengar oleh manusia yakni 20 Hz sd 20.000 Hz.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Frekuensi Yang Bisa Didengar Kucing<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kucing merupakan binatang karnivora yang sering dijadikan sebagai binatang peliharaan. Binatang yang satu ini juga bisa mendengar suara dengan frekuensi diatas pendengaran manusia yaitu 100 Hz sd 60.000 Hz.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. Frekuensi Yang Bisa Didengar Gajah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gajah merupakan binatang herbivora yang berutubuh besar dan bisa mendengarkan suara dengan frekuensi infrasonic atau suara dengan frekuensi dibawah frekuensi pendengaran manusia. Batas frekuensi yang bisa didengar oleh gajah adalah 1 Hz sd 20.000 Hz.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4. Frekuensi Yang Bisa Didengar Tikus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tikus merupakan salah satu binatang yang banyak merugikan dibandingkan menguntungkan manusia. Hewan ini disimbolkan untuk para koruptor yang kerjaannya suka mencuri hak orang lain. Batas frekuensi yang bisa didengar oleh tikus adalah 1.000 Hz sd 100.000 Hz. Dengan memanfaatkan gelombang ultrasonic kita dapat mengusir binatang ini dari rumah kita. Berikut <a href="http://indelektro.blogspot.co.id/2010/06/skema-pengusir-tikus-rangkaian-pengusir.html" style="color: dimgrey; text-decoration-line: none;">rangkaian pengusir tikus</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5. Frekuensi Yang Bisa Didengar Anjing<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Anjing merupakan binatang yang sering digunakan sebagai penjaga keamanan dan sebagai pelacak jejak karena mempunyai penciuman yang sangat tajam. Hewan ini juga bisa mendengarkan suara dengan frekuensi di atas frekuensi pendengaran manusia. Anjing bisa mendengar suara dengan frekuensi hingga 40.000 Hz.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6. Frekuensi Yang Bisa Didengar Lumba-lumba<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lumba-lumba merupakan binatang yang banyak disenangi kebanyakan orang dikarenakan mereka sangat pintar dan bisa bersahabat dengan manusia dibanding dengan binatang air lainnya. Lumba-lumba bisa mendengar suara dengan frekuensi hingga 100.000 Hz, dan mereka menggunakan gelombang ultrasonic sebagai media komunikasi antara satu dengan lainnya.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7. Frekuensi Yang Bisa Didengar Belalang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Binatang satu ini merupakan biantang yang sering saya kejar-kejar di sawah pada waktu saya masih anak-anak. Karena memang waktu kecil saya banyak menghabiskan keseharian saya dengan aktivitas alam. Binatang ini juga ternyata bisa mendengarkan suara dengan frekuensi diatas frekuensi pendengan manusia yaitu hingga 50.000 Hz.</span></div>
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Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-68842488378858093082018-03-21T18:23:00.003-07:002018-03-21T18:23:55.362-07:00Mekanisme Pendengaran Manusia <h1 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="border: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 24px;">Mekanisme Pendengaran Manusia </span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Pada pembahasan kali ini akan dijelaskan mekanisme mendengar dan proses mendenggar pada manusia.</span><br style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Sebagaimana telah diketahui bahwa </span><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.berpendidikan.com/2015/10/sistem-koordinasi-dan-alat-indra-pada.html" style="border: 0px; color: #3d85c6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">alat indra</a></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">yang berfungsi sebagai alat pendengaran adalah </span><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.berpendidikan.com/2015/10/bagian-bagian-telinga-dan-fungsinya.html" style="border: 0px; color: #3d85c6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">telinga</a></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">.</span><br style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Masih ingatkah kalian tentang </span><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.berpendidikan.com/2015/10/bagian-bagian-telinga-dan-fungsinya.html" style="border: 0px; color: #3d85c6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">bagian-bagian telinga beserta fungsinya</a></i><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">?</span><br style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></a><br style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><h4 style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.8px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
Bagaimanakah kita dapat mendengar suatu bunyi?</h4>
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Kita dapat mendengar suatu bunyi pada dasarnya dengan urutan sebagaimana diperlihatkan pada gambar berikut ini.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 1.5em; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 645px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td class="tr-caption" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.2px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Proses perjalanan bunyi</td></tr>
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<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Mekanisme proses mendengar sesuai gambar di atas adalah sebagai berikut!</div>
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1) Gelombang bunyi diterima <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">daun telinga</b>.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />2) Gelombang bunyi disalurkan masuk oleh <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">liang telinga.</b><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />3) Gelombang bunyi menggetarkan <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">gendang telinga</b>.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />4) Getaran tersebut diteruskan oleh <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">tulang-tulang pendengaran</b> (<i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">osikel</b></i>).<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />5) Getaran diteruskan ke <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">tingkat jorong</b> dan menggetarkan <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">cairan limfe</b> di dalam <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">kokhlea</b>.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />6) Getaran cairan limfe di dalam kokhlea menggerakkan <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sel reseptor organ korti</b>, yang menghasilkan impuls untuk dihantarkan oleh <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><u style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">saraf pendengar ke otak</u></b> untuk diartikan.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />7) Getaran cairan limfe juga menggerakkan tingkap bulat bergerak keluar masuk untuk mengatur tekanan udara di dalam agar seimbang dengan tekanan di luar.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 1.5em; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 645px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Bunyi yang dapat didengar oleh manusia adalah bila bunyi tersebut mempunyai frekuensi antara 20 - 20 000 getaran/ detik (Hz).</div>
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Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-55906395428533850432018-03-21T18:17:00.003-07:002018-03-21T18:17:55.135-07:00BUNYI<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">BUNYI</span></b></div>
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<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A. PENGERTIAN BUNYI<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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Bunyi adalah salah satu gelombang dalam fisika, yaitu gelombang longitudinal yang dapat dirasakan oleh indera pendengaran (telinga). Bunyi juga dapat didefinisikan sebagai sesuatu yang dihasilkan oleh benda yang bergetar. Setiap getaran yang terjadi akan menggetarkan molekul atau partikel udara di sekitarnya, hal inilah yang menimbulkan bunyi. Benda yang menghasilkan bunyi disebut dengan Sumber bunyi. Bunyi termasuk gelombang longitudinal, artinya bunyi membutuhkan media dalam perambatannya, nah media tersebut bisa berupa zat padat, zat cair atau gas, bunyi tidak dapat merambat pada ruang hampa. Bunyi memiliki cepat rambat yang tidak terlalu kuat, oleh karena itu bunyi membutuhkan waktu untuk berpindah dari satu tempat dari tempat lain. Contohnya adalah ketika ada petir, maka yang lebih dahulu kita sadari adalah cahaya dari petir tersebut, kemudian baru bunyinya terdengar, nah fenomena ini dikarenakan cepat rambat gelombang cahaya jauh lebih cepat dibandingkan cepat rambat gelombang bunyi.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 1.5em; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 695px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNscJQAtGgLub4PGQPq449wiyCpiYMVEi8usEsMA2rze5zqHm1PR1Y0Oq0uTXXenF4fHo6DjTLwxIL6ujxV2L8kUms_qzqEGytA2XpoVrTFUjgaD7raVmT_WV4ThAzRQfaxR4HUaRZTqUD/s1600/bunyi.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Pengertian Bunyi, Sifat Bunyi, Syarat Bunyi, Rumus Bunyi" border="0" data-original-height="410" data-original-width="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNscJQAtGgLub4PGQPq449wiyCpiYMVEi8usEsMA2rze5zqHm1PR1Y0Oq0uTXXenF4fHo6DjTLwxIL6ujxV2L8kUms_qzqEGytA2XpoVrTFUjgaD7raVmT_WV4ThAzRQfaxR4HUaRZTqUD/s1600/bunyi.png" style="background: rgb(251, 251, 251); border: 0px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03) 0px 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 10px auto 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" title="Bunyi" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td class="tr-caption" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.8px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">BUNYI</td></tr>
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<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">B. SYARAT BUNYI DAPAT TERDENGAR<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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Agar suatu bunyi dapat didengar oleh manusia, maka harus memenuhi syarat-syarat berikut :<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Ada benda yang bergetar (Ada sumber bunyi)</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Ada medium yang merambatkan bunyi (baik melalui zat padat, cair atau gas)</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Pendengar berada dalam jangkauan sumber bunyi</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Frekuensi bunyi termasuk ke dalam frekuensi yang dapat didengar oleh penerima bunyi</li>
</ul>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans";"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans";"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span><div id="adsense-content" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 15px auto; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-6112919164073478" data-ad-format="fluid" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-slot="8963129806" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 174px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ins id="aswift_2_expand" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-table; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 174px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible; width: 695px;"><ins id="aswift_2_anchor" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 174px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible; width: 695px;"><iframe allowfullscreen="true" allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" height="174" hspace="0" id="aswift_2" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="aswift_2" scrolling="no" style="border-style: none; border-width: initial; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 174px; left: 0px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: left; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 695px;" vspace="0" width="695"></iframe></ins></ins></ins></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">D. SIFAT – SIFAT BUNYI<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Dikategorikan sebagai gelombang, yaitu berupa hasil getaran yang merambat.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Membutuhkan medium dalam perambatannya (tidak dapat merambat dalam ruang hampa).</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Cepat rambatnya dipengaruhi oleh medium perambatannya. Semakin padat / rapat mediumnya maka semakin cepat perambatan bunyi.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Dapat mengalami Resonansi dan Pemantulan.</li>
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<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
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<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">E. CEPAT RAMBAT BUNYI<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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Cepat rambat bunyi adalah kecepatan perambatan gelombang bunyi yang didapatkan dari hasil bagi jarak yang ditempuh dengan waktu tempuh bunyi tersebut. Ada dua hal utama yang mempengaruhi cepat rambat bunyi, yaitu :<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Kerapatan partikel medium perambatannya. Semakin rapat susunan meidum tersebut maka akan semakin cepat bunyi merambat. Artinya perambatan bunyi pada zat padat lebih cepat dibandingkan ada zat cair.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Suhu medium perambatannya, semakin tinggi suhu medium perambatannya maka akan semakin cepat bunyi merambat, demikian pula sebaliknya.</li>
</ul>
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<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><div id="ad-script1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
Rumus cepat rambat bunyi adalah sebagai berikut :</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 1.5em; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; width: 695px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfgmNZFN0Ca6nLsyECGE3lHoy1YULI5uEHxBjP0RfFTx0RBypM2m3uHOTv4JNv-ZARTg2tJPF5N69fzT5vsC3KQDj9LV8VDyciBh2cGbReFDDb21bQOFRLGIfOTiJre_uE18dGtgIU0nmH/s1600/Rumus+Cepat+Rambat+Bunyi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Rumus Cepat Rambat Bunyi" border="0" data-original-height="410" data-original-width="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfgmNZFN0Ca6nLsyECGE3lHoy1YULI5uEHxBjP0RfFTx0RBypM2m3uHOTv4JNv-ZARTg2tJPF5N69fzT5vsC3KQDj9LV8VDyciBh2cGbReFDDb21bQOFRLGIfOTiJre_uE18dGtgIU0nmH/s1600/Rumus+Cepat+Rambat+Bunyi.jpg" style="background: rgb(251, 251, 251); border: 0px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03) 0px 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 10px auto 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" title="Rumus Cepat Rambat Bunyi" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td class="tr-caption" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.8px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">RUMUS CEPAT RAMBAT BUNYI</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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atau jika yang diketahui frekuensi, panjang gelombang atau periodenya, maka dapat digunakan rumus berikut ini.</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 1.5em; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; width: 695px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLiYY_eyQDZ6HO9MhE5AcW4PVFLpWC80veOdJZvMtE8n4lOk32PdeBQv50i9-Y9zXHVL0CK4hwXiZ04FY9w9udZeUkd-sd-Kasqy87VXxoOBM9v39tgg_Q2-FF4uK9hUoTFmcbws86AVIz/s1600/Cepat+Rambat+Gelombang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Rumus Cepat Rambat Bunyi" border="0" data-original-height="410" data-original-width="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLiYY_eyQDZ6HO9MhE5AcW4PVFLpWC80veOdJZvMtE8n4lOk32PdeBQv50i9-Y9zXHVL0CK4hwXiZ04FY9w9udZeUkd-sd-Kasqy87VXxoOBM9v39tgg_Q2-FF4uK9hUoTFmcbws86AVIz/s1600/Cepat+Rambat+Gelombang.jpg" style="background: rgb(251, 251, 251); border: 0px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03) 0px 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 10px auto 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" title="Rumus Cepat Rambat Gelombang Bunyi" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td class="tr-caption" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.8px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">RUMUS CEPAT RAMBAT GELOMBANG</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Nah pada rumus tersebut terdapat dua besaran fisika yang berhubungan dengan cepat rambat bunyi, yaitu jarak tempuh dan waktu tempuh. Berikut adalah penjelasan lebih lanjut tentang besaran-besaran tersebut :<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Besaran Jarak (s)<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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Jarak adalah salah satu besaran dalam fisika yang menunjukkan seberapa jauh suatu benda berubah posisi dalam lintasan tertentu. Satuan Internasional (SI) untuk jarak adalah meter (m), dalam kehidupan sehari hari di indonesia, kita lebih sering menggunakan satuan kilometer (km), sedangkan di Amerika sering digunakan satuan mil atau kaki. Hasil dari Jarak dapat diperoleh dari perkalian kecepatan dengan waktu tempuh.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
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Penting untuk diketahui kalau “jarak” itu berbeda dengan “perpindahan”. Jarak adalah angka yang menunjukkan seberapa jauh suatu benda berubah posisi dengan mengkur lintasan yang dilaluinya. Sedangkan perpindahan adalah angka yang menunjukkan seberapa jauh suatu benda berubah posisi dengan mengabaikan panjang lintasan yang dilaluinya. Contohnya, Sebuah mobil balap melaju dari titik start, mengelilingi 1 lintasan yang panjangnya 2 kilometer, kemudian berhenti kembali di titik start pada posisi yang sama sebelum ia mulai melintas. “Jarak” yang dilalui mobil itu adalah 2 km, sedangkan perpindahannya adalah 0 (karena dia memulai dan berhenti pada lokasi yang sama).<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Besaran Waktu Tempuh (t)<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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Waktu tempuh adalah waktu yang dibutuhkan oleh suatu benda untuk berpindah dari suatu posisi ke posisi yang lain dalam kecepatan tertentu. Satuan Internasional untuk Waktu Tempuh adalah sekon (s), sedangkan simbol yang dipakai untuk melambangkan waktu tempuh adalah t (huruf kecil). Waktu tempuh dapat diperoleh dari hasil pembagian jarak dengan kecepatan.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3. Frekuensi (f)<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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Secara umum frekuensi adalah besaran ukuran jumlah putaran ulang suatu peristiwa dalam waktu tertentu. Dalam gelombang bunyi, frekuensi adalah jumlah gelombang bunyi yang melewati titik tertentu dalam satu detik. Satuan internasional yang dipakai untuk frekuensi adalah Hertz (Hz). Simbol yang digunakan untuk melambangkan frekuensi adalah f (huruf kecil).<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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<ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-6112919164073478" data-ad-format="fluid" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-slot="1977168609" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 174px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ins id="aswift_3_expand" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-table; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 174px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible; width: 695px;"><ins id="aswift_3_anchor" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 174px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible; width: 695px;"><iframe allowfullscreen="true" allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" height="174" hspace="0" id="aswift_3" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="aswift_3" scrolling="no" style="border-style: none; border-width: initial; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 174px; left: 0px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: left; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 695px;" vspace="0" width="695"></iframe></ins></ins></ins></center>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4. Periode (T)<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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Secara umum Periode adalah waktu yang ditempuh untuk melakukan suatu peristiwa. Dalam Gelombang, periode adalah waktu yang diperlukan untuk menempuh satu satu gelombang. Satuan yang sering digunakan untuk periode adalah detik atau sekon (s). Simbol yang digunakan untuk melambangkan periode adalah T (huruf besar).<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 1.5em; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 695px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyggW8uv6T0F5yrJdOwcBRNVIa4RNjRzH21WGLNsz2rGkJzO0Qv6eY-HsFeAhfNJtEEGCf2BEV81iSHKSnlOLChduB-8FD7HbwroS5pEPryYON9Y8qlAB1QJOZazaVbhuOb3E7iGUrn-cl/s1600/Rumus+Frekuensi+dan+Periode.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Rumus Frekuensi, Rumus Periode" border="0" data-original-height="410" data-original-width="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyggW8uv6T0F5yrJdOwcBRNVIa4RNjRzH21WGLNsz2rGkJzO0Qv6eY-HsFeAhfNJtEEGCf2BEV81iSHKSnlOLChduB-8FD7HbwroS5pEPryYON9Y8qlAB1QJOZazaVbhuOb3E7iGUrn-cl/s1600/Rumus+Frekuensi+dan+Periode.jpg" style="background: rgb(251, 251, 251); border: 0px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03) 0px 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 10px auto 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" title="Rumus Frekuensi dan Periode" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td class="tr-caption" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.8px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">RUMUS FREKUENSI DAN PERIODE</td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5. Panjang Gelombang (λ)<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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Panjang Gelombang adalah jarak yang ditempuh oleh satu gelombang. Simbol yang digunakan untuk melambangkan panjang gelombang adalah λ. <o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Untuk gelombang transversal, satu gelombang terdiri dari satu bukit dan satu lembah.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Sedangkan Untuk Gelombang Longitudinal, satu gelombang terdiri dari satu rapatan dan satu renggangan.</li>
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<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">F. RESONANSI DAN PEMANTULAN BUNYI<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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Resonansi adalah ikut bergetarnya suatu benda akibat adanya getaran dari benda lain sebagai pemicunya. Sedangkan pemantulan adalah peristiwa dikembalikannya gelombang bunyi ke arah data karena menabrak bidang pantul tertentu. Sama seperti prinsip pemantulan pada gelombang lainnya. Sudut yang dibentuk antara gelombang bunyi datang dengan garis normal sama dengan sudut yang dibentuk oleh gelombang bunyi pantul dengan garis normal.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">G. KLASIFIKASI MACAM – MACAM JENIS BUNYI<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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Berikut adalah macam – macam jenis bunyi berdasarkan frekuensinya.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Bunyi Ultrasonik<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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Bunyi ultrasonik adalah bunyi yang frekuensinya di atas 20.000 Hz. Bunyi ini tidak dapat didengar oleh manusia dan hanya bisa didengar oleh beberapa hewan tertentu seperti kelelawar dan lumba-lumba. Bunyi ini sering dimanfaatkan oleh manusia untuk berbagai hal, contohnya seperti pengukuran kedalaman laut dan pemeriksaan USG pada bidang kesehatan.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Bunyi Audiosonik<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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Bunyi Audiosonik adalah bunyi yang frekuensinya antara 20 – 20.000 Hz. Bunyi Audiosonik merupakan bunyi yang dapat di dengar oleh manusia dan banyak makhluk hidup lainnya.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3. Bunyi Infrasonik</b></div>
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Bunyi infrasonik adalah bunyi yang frekuensinya di bawah 20 Hz. Bunyi ini tidak dapat didengar oleh manusia, beberapa hewan yang mempunyai kemampuan untuk mendengar bunyi ini antara lain anjing, laba-laba, dan jangkrik.</div>
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Sumber : </div>
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http://www.ilmudasar.com/2017/10/Penegrtian-Sifat-Cepat-Rambat-Pemantulan-dan-Macam-Macam-Bunyi-adalah.html</div>
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Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-14166849432642285322018-03-21T18:12:00.002-07:002018-03-21T18:12:55.565-07:00 GELOMBANG<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> GELOMBANG</span></b></div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gelombang adalah getaran yang merambat. </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Berdasarkan ada tidaknya medium perambatan, terdapat dua jenis gelombang yaitu : </span></div>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a. Gelombang mekanik. </span></b></div>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gelombang mekanik adalah gelombang yang memerlukan medium untuk merambat. Contoh, gelombang tali, gelombang permukaan air dan gelombang bunyi.</span><br />
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">b. Gelombang elektromagnetik</span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gelombang elektromagnetik adalah gelombang yang merambat tanpa memerlukan medium. Contoh, gelombang cahaya.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyQIZ9GgTmNHTDUibRrzjMFHc6WwG4Ov4tG7xVcpJPq-TCRolVdjpdNpWBvxE7bgpIDaGpNwP0QzJZsxAugH4GzOEAqECEIXX0s58OvP3OtwTVzQ-ZkHv35muxT4aoDMcFnT8ClKsPJ7wx/s1600/sunset-1625073_1920.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #cc3300; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.5s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyQIZ9GgTmNHTDUibRrzjMFHc6WwG4Ov4tG7xVcpJPq-TCRolVdjpdNpWBvxE7bgpIDaGpNwP0QzJZsxAugH4GzOEAqECEIXX0s58OvP3OtwTVzQ-ZkHv35muxT4aoDMcFnT8ClKsPJ7wx/s400/sunset-1625073_1920.jpg" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="400" /></a></div>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Berdasarkan arah getar dan rambatnya, terdapat dua jenis gelombang, yaitu :</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a. Gelombang longitudinal.</span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gelombang yang arah getarnya sejajar dengan arah rambatnya. Contohnya adalah gelombang bunyi diudara. </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentuk gelombang longitudinal :</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy3b8BEm9FJTYXmjhCsL9WPJUkrmLHi9eR6dlNpZCB4Qd_TNm6Kk0wQ2DQhpXpldOx014y6nmJxB0URoerYJ7gEZwfQbKl8b_0lzpX1GElvqgpasRXwuxTQ5xOdZ3vx6qtupazwagUocO1/s1600/gelombang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #cc3300; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.5s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy3b8BEm9FJTYXmjhCsL9WPJUkrmLHi9eR6dlNpZCB4Qd_TNm6Kk0wQ2DQhpXpldOx014y6nmJxB0URoerYJ7gEZwfQbKl8b_0lzpX1GElvqgpasRXwuxTQ5xOdZ3vx6qtupazwagUocO1/s400/gelombang.jpg" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Panjang satu gelombang untuk gelombang longitudinal terdiri dari satu rapatan dan satu regangan. </span><br />
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">b. Gelombang transversal.</span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gelombang yang arah getarnya tegak lurus dengan arah rambatnya. Contoh gelombang tali.<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </b> </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Panjang gelombang diberi simbol "</span><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">λ"</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">dibaca lambda), adalah panjang satu gelombang yang terdiri dari satu bukit dan satu lembah geombang.</span></div>
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<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentuk gelombang transversal :</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja_KTkBEP4n6tNvfFfPDY-Zu9j8fRQMrqtkDULSw6crqyuOUU37u3Cn_Rc5JW10D7moLXRf2FJMupZ8rtVD15iLV6XesFbRLPpPGpdV6YnOZgKEAeN0kAYZqlrFOIfB79AyX7LUHtRWIRN/s1600/transversalp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #cc3300; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.5s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja_KTkBEP4n6tNvfFfPDY-Zu9j8fRQMrqtkDULSw6crqyuOUU37u3Cn_Rc5JW10D7moLXRf2FJMupZ8rtVD15iLV6XesFbRLPpPGpdV6YnOZgKEAeN0kAYZqlrFOIfB79AyX7LUHtRWIRN/s400/transversalp.jpg" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Panjang gelombang pada gambar diatas adalah jarak <i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a-e</i>, <i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">b-f</i>, <i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">d-h, c-g, e-i </i>dan <i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">g-k</i>.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sedangkan amplitudo gelombangnya adalah jarak<i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">b-b', d-d',</i> <i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">f-f', h-h'</i> dan <i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">j-j'.</i></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pada gambar tersebut terlihat bahwa gelombang transversal berbentuk bukit gelombang dan lembah gelombang yang merambat. Istilah-istilah yang berkaitan dengan gelombang transversal adalah sebagai berikut.</span></div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">- simpangan </span></b><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">: jarak suatu titik gelombang terhadap posisi setimbang.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="separator" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIh5cL74hP_semn5OBupqfzOKgXnxZdBh_FhT7Hb3w6-WxTUI_HC_E2Z74Duv2Fr1sZj8aDUHWzAxGe1bN8JNYDjnPl8hOPCTGbAyo_FLnxl7t8y73tXzNS6wZ7RYIXGPUf2ZTVHMLfF80/s1600/AMPLITUDO.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #cc3300; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.5s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="157" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIh5cL74hP_semn5OBupqfzOKgXnxZdBh_FhT7Hb3w6-WxTUI_HC_E2Z74Duv2Fr1sZj8aDUHWzAxGe1bN8JNYDjnPl8hOPCTGbAyo_FLnxl7t8y73tXzNS6wZ7RYIXGPUf2ZTVHMLfF80/s400/AMPLITUDO.jpg" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="400" /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">- puncak gelombang : </span></b><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">titik tertinggi pada gelombang</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="separator" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQDVkPvJEsksqYS7newiIIc99eq_KVVs1GEL_rTdQFH_4B0woBBDUVo795wL76e8GBz4x6ZVeD-y_-CCglxuq6TMxK4T4-kao_v0Tb2_mr-kkG4o1ViAyvxcjG1t9-JYejU7zxCG8sTVV9/s1600/PUNCAK+GELOMBANG.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #cc3300; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.5s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQDVkPvJEsksqYS7newiIIc99eq_KVVs1GEL_rTdQFH_4B0woBBDUVo795wL76e8GBz4x6ZVeD-y_-CCglxuq6TMxK4T4-kao_v0Tb2_mr-kkG4o1ViAyvxcjG1t9-JYejU7zxCG8sTVV9/s400/PUNCAK+GELOMBANG.jpg" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="400" /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">- dasar gelombang : </span></b><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">titik terendah pada gelombang</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="separator" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiasamPOX-USVuj4Nhtoe4UXStd0nuR7TRADoVSYMuD-qcE33RT80Um6eULM_0Uc3AcdxeisUuhwSuCUCMWtOj6APJoupwQfx-Ve5-deYOV2jsU_2La7Pmm2w_KZct4lb3mWSazwhxMmK1X/s1600/LEMBAH+GELOMBANG.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #cc3300; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.5s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiasamPOX-USVuj4Nhtoe4UXStd0nuR7TRADoVSYMuD-qcE33RT80Um6eULM_0Uc3AcdxeisUuhwSuCUCMWtOj6APJoupwQfx-Ve5-deYOV2jsU_2La7Pmm2w_KZct4lb3mWSazwhxMmK1X/s400/LEMBAH+GELOMBANG.jpg" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="400" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">- bukit gelombang : </span></b><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">lengkungan yang berada diatas posisi setimbang</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="separator" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc_EyZDMoRR3BwZZSTHhdeGQrXh_5wcSYFHfNTXiWY1VaXnIhLtVd6ynh2QqcMwF12XRv_JELYlDOyc2FGXRC3AYlIxnwBRwmh-ntfK0NLNo4ACcucb3Z6ekzJxVdNuV_hqRZZptYn0Ao4/s1600/BUKIT+GELOMBANG.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #cc3300; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.5s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc_EyZDMoRR3BwZZSTHhdeGQrXh_5wcSYFHfNTXiWY1VaXnIhLtVd6ynh2QqcMwF12XRv_JELYlDOyc2FGXRC3AYlIxnwBRwmh-ntfK0NLNo4ACcucb3Z6ekzJxVdNuV_hqRZZptYn0Ao4/s400/BUKIT+GELOMBANG.png" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="400" /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">- lembah gelombang : </span></b><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">lengkungan yang berada dibawah posisi setimbang</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="separator" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiasamPOX-USVuj4Nhtoe4UXStd0nuR7TRADoVSYMuD-qcE33RT80Um6eULM_0Uc3AcdxeisUuhwSuCUCMWtOj6APJoupwQfx-Ve5-deYOV2jsU_2La7Pmm2w_KZct4lb3mWSazwhxMmK1X/s1600/LEMBAH+GELOMBANG.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #cc3300; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.5s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiasamPOX-USVuj4Nhtoe4UXStd0nuR7TRADoVSYMuD-qcE33RT80Um6eULM_0Uc3AcdxeisUuhwSuCUCMWtOj6APJoupwQfx-Ve5-deYOV2jsU_2La7Pmm2w_KZct4lb3mWSazwhxMmK1X/s400/LEMBAH+GELOMBANG.jpg" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="400" /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">- amplitudo : </span></b><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">jarak puncak gelombang atau dasar gelombang terhadap posisi setimbang. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxqWVx_FjstIrdKyhioV8fwatwdUfu0PyAHf7ydcigpIrjattq0i-2Doq-fUNPU9bT29Og4zuYrQsD3du2tCcPrtaN64wBp-ip00CVpkOdf-8P3SCaTJqV9-3GMM9JPbtqXYf6Q2DyxAhr/s1600/AMPLITUDOB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #cc3300; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.5s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxqWVx_FjstIrdKyhioV8fwatwdUfu0PyAHf7ydcigpIrjattq0i-2Doq-fUNPU9bT29Og4zuYrQsD3du2tCcPrtaN64wBp-ip00CVpkOdf-8P3SCaTJqV9-3GMM9JPbtqXYf6Q2DyxAhr/s400/AMPLITUDOB.jpg" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Periode, Frekuensi dan Cepat Rambat Gelombang</span></b></div>
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</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a. Periode Gelombang</span></b><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gelombang juga memerlukan waktu dalam perambatannya. Selang waktu yang diperlukan untuk menempuh satu gelombang disebut periode. Periode disini sama artinya dengan selang waktu yang diperlukan untuk melakukan suatu getaran. Satuan periode adalah sekon.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Untuk menentukan periode suatu gelombang kita bisa pake persamaan berikut.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlBx6IX_GWUw-m1oDe9hb6kVmrWBg-FhE9rLs7AYghxxCfS-322gqHugPnwvyXSBtPM3ATfD3DYs7t7xpzB5hQmz9BLVQV36N3qqDphZ_AfVwi8V0SiWFjzy4G588Y1ZxzivP3Z3IPCcaX/s1600/periode+gelombang.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #cc3300; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.5s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlBx6IX_GWUw-m1oDe9hb6kVmrWBg-FhE9rLs7AYghxxCfS-322gqHugPnwvyXSBtPM3ATfD3DYs7t7xpzB5hQmz9BLVQV36N3qqDphZ_AfVwi8V0SiWFjzy4G588Y1ZxzivP3Z3IPCcaX/s400/periode+gelombang.png" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="301" /></a></div>
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<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">b. Frekuensi Gelombang</span></b><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Frekuensi adalah gelombang yang terjadi dalam satu sekon. Satuan frekuensi adalah gelombang per sekon atau hertz (Hertz). Sama seperti getaran, frekuensi gelombang juga memiliki persamaan berikut.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghGmKz3mD0GDK1ZsNH6AqVFG_7NTKu1T1_lCaTtCVFVOqGCaAW2x-NTeX8IfTvaqzogWGitSQLUd42Zoq25aA1g-wrgHF-cySLgWodJYYGf1nx6fUomPx8W30pNVLl6W8UC2lvxwSxQuLC/s1600/frekuensi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #cc3300; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.5s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghGmKz3mD0GDK1ZsNH6AqVFG_7NTKu1T1_lCaTtCVFVOqGCaAW2x-NTeX8IfTvaqzogWGitSQLUd42Zoq25aA1g-wrgHF-cySLgWodJYYGf1nx6fUomPx8W30pNVLl6W8UC2lvxwSxQuLC/s400/frekuensi.jpg" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="400" /></a></div>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">c. Cepat Rambat Gelombang</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kecepatan gelombang sering disebut dengan cepat rambat gelombang yang diberi simbol "</span><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">v</span></i><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">".</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cepat rambat gelombang dapat ditentukan menggunakan persamaan berikut.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjIslSH732px_PbDnr8wx9lXslpNGNricS-wd3BNh65o6NhNfExQjKBgEHcwmawoCRRLy8Q-KZbEfKV9s2LB1FYvRhCRexe_brdkvCUcFkTeiC7kb88akK9Ve2T3akOTvX-hAz3Sl6yyv/s1600/rumus+cpt+rambat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #cc3300; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.5s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjIslSH732px_PbDnr8wx9lXslpNGNricS-wd3BNh65o6NhNfExQjKBgEHcwmawoCRRLy8Q-KZbEfKV9s2LB1FYvRhCRexe_brdkvCUcFkTeiC7kb88akK9Ve2T3akOTvX-hAz3Sl6yyv/s400/rumus+cpt+rambat.jpg" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sedangkan untuk menentukan panjang gelombang dapat digunakan persamaan berikut ini. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi866D5fE1awhFb8IboCjz8Nq9Y2-dkMZQ87aad68rLJMz4OhYyVmiZR70qcF_fxvfOn2rtTYc5mORta-SQcmoWHGSa_toKgfSkGiz-YEjHZBqSKCW9t7yRNQDX-BNs9tmatCGT7f-CSetd/s1600/rumus+pjg+gelombang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #cc3300; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.5s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi866D5fE1awhFb8IboCjz8Nq9Y2-dkMZQ87aad68rLJMz4OhYyVmiZR70qcF_fxvfOn2rtTYc5mORta-SQcmoWHGSa_toKgfSkGiz-YEjHZBqSKCW9t7yRNQDX-BNs9tmatCGT7f-CSetd/s400/rumus+pjg+gelombang.jpg" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="400" /> </a></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/l776CibG--o/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/l776CibG--o?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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Sumber : </div>
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https://frontpecintaislam.blogspot.co.id/2017/04/pengertian-rumus-getaran-dan-gelombang_17.html</div>
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Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-40917950171411888802018-03-21T18:08:00.001-07:002018-03-21T18:08:27.450-07:00GETARAN<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<strong><br /></strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: x-large;">GETARAN</span></u></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<strong>1. </strong><strong>Pengertian Getaran</strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<strong>a. </strong><strong>Definisi Getaran</strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
Getaran adalah gerak bolak – bolik secara berkala melalui suatu titik keseimbangan. Pada umumnya setiap benda dapat melakukan getaran. Suatu benda dikatakan bergetar bila benda itu bergerak bolak bolik secara berkala melalui titik keseimbangan.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/ayunan-movie.gif" style="color: #105cb6;"><img alt="ayunan movie" class="size-full wp-image-283 aligncenter" data-attachment-id="283" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="ayunan movie" data-large-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/ayunan-movie.gif?w=468?w=190" data-medium-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/ayunan-movie.gif?w=468?w=190" data-orig-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/ayunan-movie.gif?w=468" data-orig-size="190,300" data-permalink="https://arifkristanta.wordpress.com/belajar-online/getaran/ayunan-movie/" src="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/ayunan-movie.gif?w=468" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px;" title="ayunan movie" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/pendulum.gif" style="color: #105cb6;"><img alt="pendulum" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-282" data-attachment-id="282" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="pendulum" data-large-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/pendulum.gif?w=468?w=179" data-medium-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/pendulum.gif?w=468?w=179" data-orig-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/pendulum.gif?w=468" data-orig-size="179,179" data-permalink="https://arifkristanta.wordpress.com/belajar-online/getaran/pendulum/" src="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/pendulum.gif?w=468" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 4px;" title="pendulum" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px; text-align: center;">
<em><span style="font-family: Technical;">Getaran adalah gerak bolak – balik di sekitar titik setimbang;</span></em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px; text-align: center;">
<em><span style="font-family: Technical;">2 = titik setimbang ; 1 dan 3 = titik terjauh (Amplitudo);</span></em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<strong>b. </strong><strong>Beberapa Contoh Getaran</strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
Beberapa contoh getaran yang dapat kita jumpai dalam kehidupan sehari – hari antara lain :</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<em>– sinar gitar yang dipetik</em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
– <em>bandul jam dinding yang sedang bergoyang</em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px; text-align: center;">
<em><a href="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/images.jpg" style="color: #105cb6;"><img alt="jam dinding" class="size-full wp-image-292 aligncenter" data-attachment-id="292" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="jam dinding" data-large-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/images.jpg?w=468?w=121" data-medium-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/images.jpg?w=468?w=121" data-orig-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/images.jpg?w=468" data-orig-size="121,121" data-permalink="https://arifkristanta.wordpress.com/belajar-online/getaran/images/" src="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/images.jpg?w=468" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px;" title="jam dinding" /></a></em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
– <em>ayunan anak-anak yang sedang dimainkan</em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px; text-align: center;">
<em>– mistar plastik yang dijepit pada salah satu ujungnya, lalu ujung lain diberi simpangan dengan cara menariknya, kemudian dilepaskan tarikannya.</em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px; text-align: center;">
<em><a href="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/img_mid_4430.gif" style="color: #105cb6;"><img alt="img_mid_4430" class="size-full wp-image-281 aligncenter" data-attachment-id="281" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="img_mid_4430" data-large-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/img_mid_4430.gif?w=468?w=468" data-medium-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/img_mid_4430.gif?w=468?w=300" data-orig-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/img_mid_4430.gif?w=468" data-orig-size="526,171" data-permalink="https://arifkristanta.wordpress.com/belajar-online/getaran/img_mid_4430/" src="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/img_mid_4430.gif?w=468" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px;" title="img_mid_4430" /></a></em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings;">– <span style="font-family: "";"></span></span><em><span style="color: black;">Pegas yang diberi beban.</span></em></div>
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<em><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/img_tb_4429.gif" style="color: #105cb6;"><img alt="ayunan" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-280" data-attachment-id="280" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="ayunan" data-large-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/img_tb_4429.gif?w=468?w=188" data-medium-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/img_tb_4429.gif?w=468?w=182" data-orig-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/img_tb_4429.gif?w=468" data-orig-size="188,310" data-permalink="https://arifkristanta.wordpress.com/belajar-online/getaran/img_tb_4429/" src="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/img_tb_4429.gif?w=468" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 4px;" title="ayunan" /></a><a href="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/coil_spring_animation1.gif" style="color: #105cb6;"><img alt="Coil_spring_animation" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-330" data-attachment-id="330" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="Coil_spring_animation" data-large-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/coil_spring_animation1.gif?w=468?w=197" data-medium-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/coil_spring_animation1.gif?w=468?w=109" data-orig-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/coil_spring_animation1.gif?w=468" data-orig-size="197,542" data-permalink="https://arifkristanta.wordpress.com/belajar-online/getaran/coil_spring_animation-2/" src="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/coil_spring_animation1.gif?w=468" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 4px;" title="Coil_spring_animation" /></a></span></em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<strong>2. </strong><strong>Periode dan Frekuensi Getaran</strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
Perhatikan gambar berikut ini!</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/definisi2.jpg" style="color: #105cb6;"><img alt="definisi2" class="size-full wp-image-286 aligncenter" data-attachment-id="286" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="definisi2" data-large-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/definisi2.jpg?w=468?w=320" data-medium-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/definisi2.jpg?w=468?w=300" data-orig-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/definisi2.jpg?w=468" data-orig-size="320,281" data-permalink="https://arifkristanta.wordpress.com/belajar-online/getaran/definisi2/" sizes="(max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px" src="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/definisi2.jpg?w=468" srcset="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/definisi2.jpg 320w, https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/definisi2.jpg?w=150 150w, https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/definisi2.jpg?w=300 300w" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px;" title="definisi2" /></a></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">
<li>titik A merupakan titik keseimbangan</li>
<li>simpangan terbesar terjauh bandul ( ditunjuk kan dengan jarak AB = AC ) disebut <strong>amplitudo</strong> getaran</li>
<li>jarak tempuh B – A – C – A – B disebut satu getaran penuh</li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<strong>a. </strong><strong>Amplitudo</strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
Dalam gambar 2 telah disebutkan bahwa amplitudo adalah simpangan terbesar dihitung dari kedudukan seimbang. Amplitudo diberi simbol <strong>A</strong>, dengan satuan <strong>meter.</strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<strong>b. </strong><strong>Periode Getaran</strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
Periode getaran adalah waktu yang digunakan dalam satu getaran dan diberi simbol <strong>T</strong>. Untuk gambar ayunan di atas, jika waktu yang diperlukan oleh bandul untuk bergerak dari B ke A, ke C, ke A, dan kembali ke B adalah 0,2 detik, maka periode getaran bandul tersebut 0,2 detik atau T = 0,2 detik = 0,2 s</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<em>Periode suatu getaran tidak tergantung pada amplitudo getaran.</em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<strong>c. </strong><strong>Frekuensi Getaran</strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
Frekuensi getaran adalah jumlah getaran yang dilakukan oleh sistem dalam satu detik, diberi simbol <em>f</em>. Untuk sistem ayunan bandul di atas, jika dalam waktu yang diperlukan oleh bandul untuk bergerak dari B ke A, A ke C, C ke A, dan kembali ke B sama dengan 0,2 detik, maka :</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
– dalam waktu 0,2 detik bandul menjalani satu getaran penuh</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
– dalam waktu 1 detik bandul menjalani 5 kali getaran penuh</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
Dikatakan bahwa frekuensi getaran sistem bandul tersebut adalah 5 getaran/detik atau <strong><em>f</em></strong> = 5 <strong>Hz</strong>.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<strong>d. </strong><strong>Hubungan antara Periode dan Frekuensi Getaran</strong></div>
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Dari definisi periode dan frekuensi getaran di atas, diperoleh hubungan :</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/rumus1.jpg" style="color: #105cb6;"><img alt="rumus1" class="size-full wp-image-287 aligncenter" data-attachment-id="287" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="rumus1" data-large-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/rumus1.jpg?w=468?w=201" data-medium-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/rumus1.jpg?w=468?w=201" data-orig-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/rumus1.jpg?w=468" data-orig-size="201,58" data-permalink="https://arifkristanta.wordpress.com/belajar-online/getaran/rumus1/" sizes="(max-width: 201px) 100vw, 201px" src="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/rumus1.jpg?w=468" srcset="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/rumus1.jpg 201w, https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/rumus1.jpg?w=150 150w" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px;" title="rumus1" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
Keterangan :</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
T = periode, satuannya detik atau sekon</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<strong><em>f</em></strong> = frekuensi getaran, satuannya 1/detik atau s<sup>-1</sup> atau <em>Hz</em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<em></em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<em>Contoh Soal </em>:</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
1. Dalam 1 sekon, lintasan yang ditempuh beban pada Gambar 1 adalah 2-1-3-1-2-1-3. Berapakah frekuensi dan periode getaran tersebut?</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<em>Penyelesaian :</em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
Jumlah getaran yang terjadi adalah 1,5 getaran. Waktu untuk menempuh 1,5 getaran adalah 1 sekon. Jadi frekuensi <em>f</em> = 1,5 getaran / sekon = 1,5 Hz. Dan periode T :</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<a href="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/soal1.jpg" style="color: #105cb6;"><img alt="soal1" class="size-full wp-image-288 alignleft" data-attachment-id="288" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="soal1" data-large-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/soal1.jpg?w=468?w=112" data-medium-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/soal1.jpg?w=468?w=112" data-orig-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/soal1.jpg?w=468" data-orig-size="112,45" data-permalink="https://arifkristanta.wordpress.com/belajar-online/getaran/soal1/" src="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/soal1.jpg?w=468" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); float: left; margin: 5px 10px 0px 0px; padding: 4px;" title="soal1" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
Jadi waktu yang diperlukan untuk menempuh satu getaran penuh adalah 0,67 sekon.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
2. Pada selang waktu 2 sekon terjadi gerakan bolak – balik sebanyak 10 kali. Tentukanlah frekuensi dan periodenya.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<em>Penyelesaian :</em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
Dalam 2 sekon terjadi 10 getaran. Berarti dalam 1 sekon terjadi 5 getaran, sehinga frekuensi <em>f</em> = 5 Hz, dan<br />periode T :</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<a href="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/soal2.jpg" style="color: #105cb6;"><img alt="soal2" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-289" data-attachment-id="289" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="soal2" data-large-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/soal2.jpg?w=468?w=103" data-medium-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/soal2.jpg?w=468?w=103" data-orig-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/soal2.jpg?w=468" data-orig-size="103,48" data-permalink="https://arifkristanta.wordpress.com/belajar-online/getaran/soal2/" src="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/soal2.jpg?w=468" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 4px;" title="soal2" /></a></div>
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Sumber : </div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">https://arifkristanta.wordpress.com/belajar-online/getaran/</span></span></div>
Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-51658919803847355502018-02-28T18:07:00.000-08:002018-02-28T18:16:01.327-08:00Kandungan Gula dan Protein Dalam Urine<br />
<div style="color: #201f20; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: large;">"UJI KANDUNGAN GULA DAN PROTEIN DALAM URINE"</span><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><br />
<div style="font-size: 15px; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: medium;">Kelompok 6 :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;">1.<span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: 15px;">Eksa Yosiva Syahban/06</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">2. luthfi fadhil muhammad/12</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; text-align: center;">3. Nabila Ade Khoirunisa/15</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">4. Navista della Davindra/16</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="color: #201f20; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #201f20; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">
<span style="background-color: white;">Bahan dan Alat yang diperlukan :</span></div>
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</div>
<ul style="color: #201f20; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Urine</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Tabung Reaksi (satu tabung per sempel uji)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Rak tabung reaksi</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Pipet tetes</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Kertas label</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Kaki tiga</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Pembakar spiritus</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">penjepit tabung reaksi</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Termometer</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Gelas kimia</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Air Panas</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Reagen <i>Benedict</i></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Reagen <i>Biuret</i></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br style="color: #201f20; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /></span>
<div style="color: #201f20; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">
<span style="background-color: white;">UJI KANDUNGAN GULA DALAM URINE</span></div>
<div style="color: #201f20; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;">Reagen benedict pada umumnya dugunakan untuk menguju bahan makanan yang mengandung gula. Reagen ini berwarna biru jernih. setelah sempel yang diuji ditetesi reagen benedict, akan terjadi perubahan warna. Apabila sampel berubah warna menjadi biru kehijauan atau kuning berarti bahan makanan tersebut mengandung sedikit gula. Apabila berwarna merah bata berarti bahan makanan tersebut banyak mengandung gula. Reagen ini juga dapat digunakan untuk menguji apakah di dalam urine juga terkandung gula. Jika dalam urine mengandung gula, berarti ada gangguan pada kerja ginjal.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="color: #201f20; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #201f20; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">
</div>
<div style="color: #201f20; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">
<span style="background-color: white;">yang harus kita lakukan :</span></div>
<div style="color: #201f20; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">
<ol>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Masukkan 40 tetes (2 ml) sampel urine ke dalam tabung reaksi, dan beri label setiap sampel. berhati-hatilah agar urine tidak tumpah atau mengenai baju.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Tambahkan 10 tetes larutan Benedict pada masing-masingtabung reaksi.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Panaskan tabung reaksi dalam gelas beker yang telah berisi dengan air bersuhu 40 sampai dengan 50 derajat celcius selama lima menit dengan menggunakan penjepit tabung reaksi. berhati-hatilah dalam melakukan prosedur ini.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Perhatikan perubahan warna yang terjadi pada urin dalam tabung reaksi</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Pada waktu akan mematikan pembakar spiritus, janganlah ditiup! Tetapi lakukan dengan menutup pembakar spiritus dengan penutupnya.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">cucilah tanganmu dengan sabun segera setelah praktikum selesai.</span></li>
</ol>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div style="color: #201f20; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #201f20; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">
<span style="background-color: white;">UJI KANDUNGAN PROTEIN DALAM URINE</span></div>
<div style="color: #201f20; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #201f20; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">
<span style="background-color: white;">Reagen Biuret pada umumnya digunakan untuk mengetahui adanya kandungan protein pada bahan makanan. Reagen Biuret berwarna biru, yang apabila bereaksi dengan protein akan berubah menjadi warna ungu. Reagen Biuret juga dapat digunakan untuk menguji keberadaan protein dalam urine.</span></div>
<div style="color: #201f20; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #201f20; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">
<span style="background-color: white;">Yang harus kita lakukan adalah :</span></div>
<div style="color: #201f20; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">
<ol>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">MAsukkan 40 tetes (20 ml) sampel urine ke dalam tabung reaksi, dan beri label setiap sampel. Berhati-hatilah agar urine tidak tumpah atau mengenai baju. </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Tambahkan 3 tetes reagen Biuret untuk masing-masing tabung ! kocok perlahan-lahan untuk mencampur</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Perhatikan perubahan warna yang terjadi !</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTable15Grid1Light" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #666666 1.5pt; border: solid #999999 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #666666 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-themetint: 102; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5;">
<b>Sampel urine dari siswa <o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #666666 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #999999 1.0pt; border-top: solid #999999 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #666666 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;">
<b>Warna yang terbentuk saat uji glukosa <o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #666666 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #999999 1.0pt; border-top: solid #999999 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #666666 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-left-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;">
<b>Warna yang terentuk dalam uji protein <o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #999999 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Eksa
Yosiva Syahban (06)</b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #999999 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #999999 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
MERAH BATA <o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #999999 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #999999 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<o:p> KUNING PEKAT </o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #999999 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Luthfi
Fadhil Muhammad(12)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #999999 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #999999 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
BIRU KEHIJAUAN <o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #999999 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #999999 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<o:p> KUNING BENING</o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #999999 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Nabila
Ade Khoirunisa (15)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #999999 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #999999 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
MERAH BATA<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #999999 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #999999 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<o:p> KUNING </o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #999999 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Navista
Della Davindra (16)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #999999 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #999999 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
MERAH BATA<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #999999 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #999999 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-alt: solid #999999 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<o:p> KUNING TUA </o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">HASIL DISKUSI :<br />1. Yang kita ketahui tentang kandungan yang ada pada urine manusia adalah urine manusia mengandung protein dan gula<br />2. kelainan yang mungkin terjadi jika urine mengandung banyak gula adalah </span></span><ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Diabetes Melitus</span></span></li>
</ul>
</h3>
<div>
<div>
<h3 align="justify" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Diabetes melitus adalah penyakit yang ditandai oleh adanya glukosa di dalam urine. Penyakit ini juga disebut penyakit gula atau glukosuria. Penyebab diabetes melitus adalah kekurangan hormon insulin sehingga nefron tidak mampu melakukan absorpsi glukosa dan terbuang bersama urine. Diabetes melitus tidak dapat disembuhkan, namun dapat dikendalikan dengan mengurangi makan makanan berkarbohidrat, rajin olahraga, dan meminum obat tertentu yang sesuai resep dokter.</span></h3>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">3. Kelainan yang mungkin terjadi jika urine banyak mengandung protein</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Albuminuria</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Albuminuria adalah penyakit yang ditandai dengan adanya protein albumin di dalam urine. Penyebab albuminuria adalah terjadi kerusakan pada glomerulus sehingga partikel besar seperti albumin bisa lolos. Kerusakan tersebut bisa terjadi karena terdapat luka di glomerulus, iritasi akibat logam berat, dan bakteri. Cara mencegah albuminuria adalah dengan mengkonsumsi makanan dengan jumlah zat gizi seimbang dan minum air 8 gelas setiap hari. Cara mengobati albuminuria adalah dengan melakukan cangkok ginjal.</span></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Sidrom nefrotik</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; text-align: justify;">Sindrom nefrotik adalah gangguan yang ditandai dengan keluarnya protein dalam jumlah besar melalui urine. Hal ini menyebabkan penderita kekurangan protein di dalam darah sehingga dapat menimbulkan penyakit lain seperti malnutrisi, penggumpalan darah, kolesterol tinggi, tekanan darah tinggi, dan bahkan gagal ginjal. Gejala sindrom nefrotik adalah pembengkakan di sekitar mata, pergelangan kaki, dan kaki serta urine menjadi berbusa. Penyebab sindrom nefrotik kebanyakan diakibatkan oleh penyakit lain seperti cacat </span><a href="http://hedisasrawan.blogspot.com/2014/04/genetika-artikel-lengkap.html" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; text-align: justify;" target="_blank" title="genetika">genetika</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; text-align: justify;">, diabetes, hepatitis B, kanker, dan gagal jantung. Namun ada juga yang disebabkan oleh beberapa jenis obat seperti obat anti-inflamasi. Cara mengobati sindrom nefrotik adalah dengan menyembuhkan penyakit yang menyebabkan timbulnya penyakit ini.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; text-align: justify;">4. Yang kita lakukan untuk menjaga ginjal :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.) Olahraga</strong><br />Olahraga merupakan salahsatu kebiasaan sehat yang harus runtin dilakukan. Selain itu dengan berolahraga resiko seseorang menderita <a href="http://hariansehat.com/gejala-penyakit-gagal-ginjal/" style="border: 0px; color: #009650; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="penyakit ginjal"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">penyakit ginjal</strong></a> bisa diturunkan. Ini dikarenakan ketika berolahraga dapat mengubah cara tubuh dalam menangani nutrisi dan cairan yang berpengaruh pada ginjal. Pada saat berolahraga keringat yang keluar dari tubuh lebih banyak dan seseorang akan lebih cenderung minum air putih lebih banyak sehingga dapat mencegah dari terbentuknya batu ginjal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2.) Kontrol Diet</strong><br />Anda harus bisa mengontrol diet dengan cara tidak mengkonsumsi makanan yang menggunakan pengawet dan juga makanan kemasan yang mungkin jika dikonsumsi dalam jangka panjang akan mengakibatkan masalah pada kesehatan Anda, termasuk pada fungsi ginjal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3.) Menjaga Tekanan Darah</strong><br />Kerusakan ginjal juga bisa diakibatkan oleh adanya hipertensi atau tekanan darah tinggi. Hipertensi dapat mengakibatkan organ jantung bekerja lebih keras dari biasanya dan dalam jangka waktu yang cukup panjang bisa mengakibatkan rusaknya pembuluh darah yang ada pada tubuh. Jika pembuluh darah yang rusak adalah pembuluh darah pada bagian organ ginjal maka ginjal akan terganggu fungsinya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4.) Minum Air Putih</strong><br />Agar Ginjal dapat berfungsi dengan baik, jangan lupa untuk mengkonsumsi <span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">air</span><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </strong><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">putih</span> dengan cukup setiap harinya. Dengan mengkonsumsi air yang cukup setiap hari maka fungsi ginjal akan lebih terjaga dari terjadinya berbagai penumpukan sisa metabolisme yang bisa mengakibatkan munculnya batu ginjal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5.) Menjaga Gula Darah</strong><br />kadar gula darah juga harus tetap dijaga agar tidak membuat fungsi ginjal bekerja lebih berat. Bila fungsi ginjal terganggu maka ginjal tidak akan menjalankan fungsinya dengan optimal. Gula darah harus terkontrol karena jika gula darah dalam tubuh terlalu tinggi maka akan berakibat ginjal menyaring terlalu banyak darah sehingga jika terus menerus terjadi, fungsi ginjal akan mengalami penurunan dan terjadi kebocoran pada saringan yang berada pada ginjal tersebut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">6.) Berhenti Mer0kok</strong><br />Mer0kok merupakan hal yang wajib dihindari agar tubuh tetap sehat. Bahkan mer0kok juga dapat menganggu fungsi ginjal. Apabila seseorang mer0kok, maka aliran darah menuju berbagai organ dalam tubuh akan menjadi lambat dan apabila sudah menderita penyakit ginjal maka fungsi ginjal akan semakin buruk.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">7.) Jangan Mengkonsumsi Obat-obatan</strong><br />Ada banyak makanan dan minuman yang bisa menjadi racun bagi ginjal. Oleh karena itu, Anda wajib untuk tetap menjaga apa yang dikonsumsi sehingga fungsi ginjal akan tetap dalam keadaan yang optimal. Beberapa minuman yang perlu dihindari diantaranya soda, alk0hol dan beberapa produk minuman berenergi yang memiliki kalori tinggi akan mengganggu fungsi ginjal dalam jangka waktu yang panjang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">8.) Tes Medis</strong><br />Tes Medis perlu dilakukan dengan rutin apabila Anda telah berusia lebih dari 30 tahun. Anda bisa mengkonsultasikan berbagai masalah kesehatan terutama untuk memastikan bahwa ginjal Anda tetap dalam keadaan sehat. Selain itu, riwayat penyakit ginjal pada keluarga juga harus diperhatikan.</span><br />
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh13oBMLwjTrQsGPP3Ixt9lEw3qdxO-xSN4GZKHNOukcLRfy7Dfk4RF1XhQr_cSBAOHYzg9KwtLupSB5lTE5sLaOGCZLDZiBOxTh5TxS9j3wxo6TcZ6ZLiTxIAvi4PovmABo5knViVOdug/s1600/20180301_075112.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6699cc; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh13oBMLwjTrQsGPP3Ixt9lEw3qdxO-xSN4GZKHNOukcLRfy7Dfk4RF1XhQr_cSBAOHYzg9KwtLupSB5lTE5sLaOGCZLDZiBOxTh5TxS9j3wxo6TcZ6ZLiTxIAvi4PovmABo5knViVOdug/s320/20180301_075112.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.88px;">TABUNG REAKSI DAN RAK TABUNG REAKSI </td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.88px;">SAMPEL URINE </td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.88px;">SARUNG TANGAN LATEKS </td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.88px;">SAMPEL URINE </td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi14i8VBdxq4ihABbx4hDyxZbpgcEVULuQueKN4p5NmEBPwsFSUnfmviRYFsJ8Z3k9SSLcBO7niTIRAMoxBSAir9uPvAOhUoDHvrQwAsx_qmRSoCfB-bHf2aUOVaxZV5oUrL50I8cNCMsw/s1600/20180301_080026.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6699cc; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi14i8VBdxq4ihABbx4hDyxZbpgcEVULuQueKN4p5NmEBPwsFSUnfmviRYFsJ8Z3k9SSLcBO7niTIRAMoxBSAir9uPvAOhUoDHvrQwAsx_qmRSoCfB-bHf2aUOVaxZV5oUrL50I8cNCMsw/s320/20180301_080026.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="180" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.88px;">KAKI TIGA DAN PEMBAKAR SPRITUS </td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5qXZdYKcvrqKBXlGTFr0AKkbhDzr6ot1B3WioC4YEvKPUNtkNdzSIkWFq0POSdqXESAOU40ZdK1GOo3z25XFXSSjXql_f5onZ0a43C9roZUKQN2jmojBXVJ34nyXoQo5yLdsrlLzHzyo/s1600/20180301_080041.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6699cc; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5qXZdYKcvrqKBXlGTFr0AKkbhDzr6ot1B3WioC4YEvKPUNtkNdzSIkWFq0POSdqXESAOU40ZdK1GOo3z25XFXSSjXql_f5onZ0a43C9roZUKQN2jmojBXVJ34nyXoQo5yLdsrlLzHzyo/s320/20180301_080041.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.88px;">ALAS UNTUK PEMBAKARAN </td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivMXj93Uo3KF-bM7IDEkCXlW3eYiSHOKzS2Nh0vfOgFP8XyUfhyCqKo5pFblRenGqHfcSfBab2Q6zYTH9WgyOFvCvIX9htm9t3szQqylw2T9saFCqEneXXk3aFCtOZ9Uk9uwjzFiRNlNw/s1600/20180301_080110.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6699cc; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivMXj93Uo3KF-bM7IDEkCXlW3eYiSHOKzS2Nh0vfOgFP8XyUfhyCqKo5pFblRenGqHfcSfBab2Q6zYTH9WgyOFvCvIX9htm9t3szQqylw2T9saFCqEneXXk3aFCtOZ9Uk9uwjzFiRNlNw/s320/20180301_080110.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.88px;">GELAS KIMIA </td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk5oZmgKmQDLXpVsWiACiMI_NlTIhYzatYThRqmVM_anZkBscqNnl4aEFX985khKeIw6x3Z80oBIpMlkiodfvc7szo5C-ctN4Ns3J_N2oP5v0c-pzSH5E8YeqDZD4XfBoRMxE8GerekB0/s1600/20180301_080126.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6699cc; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk5oZmgKmQDLXpVsWiACiMI_NlTIhYzatYThRqmVM_anZkBscqNnl4aEFX985khKeIw6x3Z80oBIpMlkiodfvc7szo5C-ctN4Ns3J_N2oP5v0c-pzSH5E8YeqDZD4XfBoRMxE8GerekB0/s320/20180301_080126.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.88px;">PENJEPIT TABUNG REAKSI </td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie1laCpX3V7gqIo9uPrc0_KzToLDItJRfnIj49se6EXqWmq44cDqNz5O37Ena3kLFH_MPtFsBxLRU6qLVbK-Xa65KpacQ95-H-z8Ls0I5CXroZM2aOXKzRus4tHVGrwXAbsy3MMjseA9E/s1600/20180301_080339.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6699cc; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie1laCpX3V7gqIo9uPrc0_KzToLDItJRfnIj49se6EXqWmq44cDqNz5O37Ena3kLFH_MPtFsBxLRU6qLVbK-Xa65KpacQ95-H-z8Ls0I5CXroZM2aOXKzRus4tHVGrwXAbsy3MMjseA9E/s320/20180301_080339.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="180" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.88px;">PIPET </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh2z1dKnOwdFklHzPGJRt7S8U4rTCpBUBiqqFTAl-S_dS0u1izBMK6QPKFtz0OtYVwK8g0vQE4dHZQpQUgYW2xXBM4Kh5lBIYOd5ewn2v5cr-Y9ExM2jdMKLjLp0LgGjqp6asFa9_oUAk/s1600/20180301_080443.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6699cc; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh2z1dKnOwdFklHzPGJRt7S8U4rTCpBUBiqqFTAl-S_dS0u1izBMK6QPKFtz0OtYVwK8g0vQE4dHZQpQUgYW2xXBM4Kh5lBIYOd5ewn2v5cr-Y9ExM2jdMKLjLp0LgGjqp6asFa9_oUAk/s320/20180301_080443.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="180" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.88px;">TERMOMETER </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdy0JIv0mQhWEWZp9kEbsMTW-SdNfYuAo6w8Es9pdL9gYvCryQXgh2d6V5w5a0C8gozrQ3wojgwDDcTpfc-jq0kKim2ioKqEYQYzhg0cX9FP3I_VFKbUSHgc0XmiYIeESTkGt-DfhHIRQ/s1600/20180301_081024.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6699cc; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdy0JIv0mQhWEWZp9kEbsMTW-SdNfYuAo6w8Es9pdL9gYvCryQXgh2d6V5w5a0C8gozrQ3wojgwDDcTpfc-jq0kKim2ioKqEYQYzhg0cX9FP3I_VFKbUSHgc0XmiYIeESTkGt-DfhHIRQ/s320/20180301_081024.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.88px;">SAAT MELAKUKAN PEMANASAN AIR DENGAN PEMBAKAR SPRITUS </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPuGIoWpfGVEAgdpM4yHjW6Y2_mKMx22CojBb2HW9N7RFx-8l_4V3Uuj02Qu5qzojnUuJ5BSPEJBuCk67r7EfTJztBtbU7QEpSXrZF6cmCY_O21uJSzNODTowZHASVM5mrhFq_pUPzsyc/s1600/20180301_081032.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6699cc; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPuGIoWpfGVEAgdpM4yHjW6Y2_mKMx22CojBb2HW9N7RFx-8l_4V3Uuj02Qu5qzojnUuJ5BSPEJBuCk67r7EfTJztBtbU7QEpSXrZF6cmCY_O21uJSzNODTowZHASVM5mrhFq_pUPzsyc/s320/20180301_081032.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.88px;">SAAT MEMASUKKAN URINE KE DALAM TABUNG REAKSI </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPkhEF-XGoU4-s-x6kcikUthxTWsOKpvUobuf02-rk2c_43f_kYGLVznj09jAj258_Ukn1-85A9jISrUmOgnvJ0RmKK1h0C_SRDDJ5Nns7l-2fO7uE9OMQ9M7QKeiSmDLi_FRp1LmfZ2Y/s1600/20180301_081039.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6699cc; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPkhEF-XGoU4-s-x6kcikUthxTWsOKpvUobuf02-rk2c_43f_kYGLVznj09jAj258_Ukn1-85A9jISrUmOgnvJ0RmKK1h0C_SRDDJ5Nns7l-2fO7uE9OMQ9M7QKeiSmDLi_FRp1LmfZ2Y/s320/20180301_081039.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.88px;">SAAT MENYALAKAN PEMBAKAR SPRITUS </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipoPrqLYs8DCGBy4brTAEr2ppI7VyOP_YdFT1HK5EXcxymIl24FzrehoF2HAvYSi04BNmHQskOKcU8y3VwMPUf7EcJOC13rH4LPCfOtvLofpRczwAilqxOHEBfXjAfBQY6izhvg1jQAyM/s1600/20180301_081057.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6699cc; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipoPrqLYs8DCGBy4brTAEr2ppI7VyOP_YdFT1HK5EXcxymIl24FzrehoF2HAvYSi04BNmHQskOKcU8y3VwMPUf7EcJOC13rH4LPCfOtvLofpRczwAilqxOHEBfXjAfBQY6izhvg1jQAyM/s320/20180301_081057.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.88px;">MENGUKUR SUHU AIR </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjETjsrDaP8vRjCISGuwZXpGdO9i80yDMsT63laHlIxXM9GH73u1C1lVmEwccGXic2QsEMx52bpY8_WzKvxEvxZbAxH2hBMChcwqRQPA-ma5QyO_4FxWdZUFgmVW3GyxcwCqjfD43-3544/s1600/20180301_081718.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6699cc; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjETjsrDaP8vRjCISGuwZXpGdO9i80yDMsT63laHlIxXM9GH73u1C1lVmEwccGXic2QsEMx52bpY8_WzKvxEvxZbAxH2hBMChcwqRQPA-ma5QyO_4FxWdZUFgmVW3GyxcwCqjfD43-3544/s320/20180301_081718.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.88px;">MEMASUKKAN CAIRAN REAGEN BENEDICT DAN REAGEN BIURET </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFnmtiX2rmU2x1KKtHg4MnK4i8exSrMacZqVj5GDwr9rgrTKxFAHH0Cu8k1BcukP99nsH0Tdl1xxPi5b85pmZ7Q5uhY4DUfqrvMMHaPanfZXfImrLqbVG1RaH5M6q5ruQA9Pvl3yJNJ6E/s1600/20180301_082034.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6699cc; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFnmtiX2rmU2x1KKtHg4MnK4i8exSrMacZqVj5GDwr9rgrTKxFAHH0Cu8k1BcukP99nsH0Tdl1xxPi5b85pmZ7Q5uhY4DUfqrvMMHaPanfZXfImrLqbVG1RaH5M6q5ruQA9Pvl3yJNJ6E/s320/20180301_082034.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.88px;">MEMASUKKAN CAIRAN REAGEN BENEDICT DAN REAGEN BIURET</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCGARy0dWv5c3NPpKS_baFE6qheP8V9zPx6DvE4Sjm9JeHJZjLb6EjKqBzVMVMcQkbUuJssSv-RUxuEFp1v2KjXT-2_j10pbf_jjzB9WiX09LvFXEAk1c-TSURYxKNcqrXSAOjDvh8a3E/s1600/20180301_082142.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6699cc; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCGARy0dWv5c3NPpKS_baFE6qheP8V9zPx6DvE4Sjm9JeHJZjLb6EjKqBzVMVMcQkbUuJssSv-RUxuEFp1v2KjXT-2_j10pbf_jjzB9WiX09LvFXEAk1c-TSURYxKNcqrXSAOjDvh8a3E/s320/20180301_082142.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.88px;">HASIL URINE </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjycTk52Xvo4Mb29JTyf2f0EjkFWbXKfsOImc9LfLiXIFH4TC-C_XDSVNWhJaSbtXN95JaCZN444UjL6RSvfoefx8cjJ2F8EgLd0qatff2xWVoYr5t16W9nmBArSzHcs3_RtUuA-oDDy0o/s1600/20180301_082351%25280%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6699cc; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjycTk52Xvo4Mb29JTyf2f0EjkFWbXKfsOImc9LfLiXIFH4TC-C_XDSVNWhJaSbtXN95JaCZN444UjL6RSvfoefx8cjJ2F8EgLd0qatff2xWVoYr5t16W9nmBArSzHcs3_RtUuA-oDDy0o/s320/20180301_082351%25280%2529.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="180" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.88px;">MELAKUKAN PEMENASAN URINE DENGAN SUHU YANG TINGGI </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ91FhXUt-EVDmvKs6pYS4Twpkg05hTZ67dx5gZsqHa3i5AyLZGpm1fcjxQkQTaJGGNRwzHhS-FSTr8ZyLKIjFRPjiKs0PjECmBxlHE4Ahw0hrV-p3dt-PiniqbuAl5zYQirajlVGdgtY/s1600/20180301_082502.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6699cc; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ91FhXUt-EVDmvKs6pYS4Twpkg05hTZ67dx5gZsqHa3i5AyLZGpm1fcjxQkQTaJGGNRwzHhS-FSTr8ZyLKIjFRPjiKs0PjECmBxlHE4Ahw0hrV-p3dt-PiniqbuAl5zYQirajlVGdgtY/s320/20180301_082502.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.88px;">KELOMPOK 6 </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE2LX5eqrGacLFjFIc0PhjGyoKYIFO7Upyer5jJCYkrbW9R8nHGFilbYL4fNMQN1-oBkDVNqxeWGKOaBFpnQK7P8INHUMcKgVYokwOkdFYzQjTAIOatI1LyZzuQNUSxicP9wbV_z9MA3Q/s1600/20180301_082930.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6699cc; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE2LX5eqrGacLFjFIc0PhjGyoKYIFO7Upyer5jJCYkrbW9R8nHGFilbYL4fNMQN1-oBkDVNqxeWGKOaBFpnQK7P8INHUMcKgVYokwOkdFYzQjTAIOatI1LyZzuQNUSxicP9wbV_z9MA3Q/s320/20180301_082930.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.88px;">KELOMPOK 6 </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOObLp4c-uKN0Ok0XOsUX0mfaFHeLjgJkudVcqm7ykiWBuF_fCawU1UTRkrsH3kcuDAOXhcz_rbH8JBFO1cOrR5DLIFAiQqk9x9XkvTExXkGRnfk3RWUXMdaXpBtLxBPNA7MtGRY9hZXw/s1600/20180301_082959.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6699cc; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOObLp4c-uKN0Ok0XOsUX0mfaFHeLjgJkudVcqm7ykiWBuF_fCawU1UTRkrsH3kcuDAOXhcz_rbH8JBFO1cOrR5DLIFAiQqk9x9XkvTExXkGRnfk3RWUXMdaXpBtLxBPNA7MtGRY9hZXw/s320/20180301_082959.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.88px;">HASIL PRAKTIKUM URINE </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinKlSoaSBxfooULuonURUdgYsRrsswpoopOTrieFd3r9vUhP0YhT74Kwy08wgHYuFgR7gru60gqYQ3QSMxIofgAx6ECl0oo0XBqiO1pptYln2942MxAjpreTVOUKzrlSHbzd20L-_I3rI/s1600/20180301_083018.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #33aaff; cursor: url("http://ani.cursors-4u.net/cursors/cur-11/cur1066.ani"), url("http://ani.cursors-4u.net/cursors/cur-11/cur1066.png"), progress !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinKlSoaSBxfooULuonURUdgYsRrsswpoopOTrieFd3r9vUhP0YhT74Kwy08wgHYuFgR7gru60gqYQ3QSMxIofgAx6ECl0oo0XBqiO1pptYln2942MxAjpreTVOUKzrlSHbzd20L-_I3rI/s320/20180301_083018.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.88px;">HASIL PRAKTIKUM URINE </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-26471512243005170172018-02-25T20:51:00.000-08:002018-02-25T21:07:42.191-08:00MODEL PENYARINGAN DARAH DALAM GINJAL MANUSIA<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">KELOMPOK 6 : </span><br />
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<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Eksa Yosiva Syahban/ 06 </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Luthfi Fadhil Muhammad/ 12</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nabila Ade Khoirunisa/ 15</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Navista Della Davindra/ 16 </span></li>
</ol>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxaKA1ge6LsVrLQNDKK_u5nTblyY3t0xGWklWTSxi6_mKzZnGWy-fVMJjlVr9D7zVqngmB_EkVfhsT6rq2mNHJ97wBsZUhQYuSg4H10_T8_YJNZUCiD2DrEeOb4dQ6V6tUiLKWH-D1g2A/s1600/20180226_110102.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxaKA1ge6LsVrLQNDKK_u5nTblyY3t0xGWklWTSxi6_mKzZnGWy-fVMJjlVr9D7zVqngmB_EkVfhsT6rq2mNHJ97wBsZUhQYuSg4H10_T8_YJNZUCiD2DrEeOb4dQ6V6tUiLKWH-D1g2A/s640/20180226_110102.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"MODEL PENYARINGAN DARAH DALAM GINJAL MANUSIA"</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Alat dan Bahan : </span></b><br />
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200 mL air<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbfEFiFQuQGR2xoW_XzB9iBvl7ZTgmofgEmzm9bSqkGVkF7V9oxKZfDtwOcpyU5rs5y7ptfQnCk5J2XCJa61tT_quy2KHgqGaUdPCWWcOD4UcVrqjw2JWL-pxyBrqDYcc_-GADo-X_u6s/s1600/20180226_105853.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbfEFiFQuQGR2xoW_XzB9iBvl7ZTgmofgEmzm9bSqkGVkF7V9oxKZfDtwOcpyU5rs5y7ptfQnCk5J2XCJa61tT_quy2KHgqGaUdPCWWcOD4UcVrqjw2JWL-pxyBrqDYcc_-GADo-X_u6s/s320/20180226_105853.jpg" width="180" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">5 tetes pewarna makanan warna merah </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB7WpDBuV6LOUXy7ar6aJbjsJYiX2TsJcPCs0hjhLFYbjm3nEGLkpg0S_QH6MNiwZBq5fUoMwWMJ0TRoBg-8URz32W_Xrj-CO11kamZeFHUTiMWmEvIw3rqHl1Pye4HUoB5a4DOxzxSIM/s1600/20180226_105834.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB7WpDBuV6LOUXy7ar6aJbjsJYiX2TsJcPCs0hjhLFYbjm3nEGLkpg0S_QH6MNiwZBq5fUoMwWMJ0TRoBg-8URz32W_Xrj-CO11kamZeFHUTiMWmEvIw3rqHl1Pye4HUoB5a4DOxzxSIM/s320/20180226_105834.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1 sendok makan tepung terigu</span> </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAeQwWPpJ6qo9W20K1fgXo2paEjzdiTn3BltAOhMOsKnmOJC98IRTmlHG9usXhHUFoE5ZGXlS4d4UV-d_ITLtgHHvVa-_1m-HbCrAxGFEma5EfZg7_WNxPYgikvBxx_ldrs2O2WeJcjzk/s1600/20180226_104549.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAeQwWPpJ6qo9W20K1fgXo2paEjzdiTn3BltAOhMOsKnmOJC98IRTmlHG9usXhHUFoE5ZGXlS4d4UV-d_ITLtgHHvVa-_1m-HbCrAxGFEma5EfZg7_WNxPYgikvBxx_ldrs2O2WeJcjzk/s320/20180226_104549.jpg" width="180" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">1 buah pengaduk </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJZLuQnEO8dVXHeNzC8RRr4KLkjV3Cn4PcLHY77ZtGNjLMc8UE4zerqfOVF8U17oQIZRLMXyMTThKTVQjfpI8JJE_F2GXWT-0OdlAsg8Fp8Kb9t_piqyCzDhDna8ERF9jOtSi0-qAKqN0/s1600/20180226_105629.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJZLuQnEO8dVXHeNzC8RRr4KLkjV3Cn4PcLHY77ZtGNjLMc8UE4zerqfOVF8U17oQIZRLMXyMTThKTVQjfpI8JJE_F2GXWT-0OdlAsg8Fp8Kb9t_piqyCzDhDna8ERF9jOtSi0-qAKqN0/s320/20180226_105629.jpg" width="180" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">2 buah gelas kimia ukuran 500 mL</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPvVfAZN-9_s-mY5_zzskJgJ-61K1-o-w_jw7oP-x3UuIJdjEpIJTXNeNfppAsJKhSgqufICPRJCsW03s8t39bIJuQMrIvnnJxuAMOVHwTyJ7eNoF0SIDAOQJWj8HwFMGtMiPiW7VgzA0/s1600/20180226_111411.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPvVfAZN-9_s-mY5_zzskJgJ-61K1-o-w_jw7oP-x3UuIJdjEpIJTXNeNfppAsJKhSgqufICPRJCsW03s8t39bIJuQMrIvnnJxuAMOVHwTyJ7eNoF0SIDAOQJWj8HwFMGtMiPiW7VgzA0/s320/20180226_111411.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">1 buah corong </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRPOHX4b4IOMl2owO72pOedDQGGdRWiPzf6NklditY29I6QncD6X2GYRg4gxOH4flZjMK00AANrv8AnwdQ9UwKXb6lGipx7JAfZJ-Sa2VD2hFOIRZpvab44AFGrZKUXDIs7sV8tuIa-Lo/s1600/20180226_104632.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRPOHX4b4IOMl2owO72pOedDQGGdRWiPzf6NklditY29I6QncD6X2GYRg4gxOH4flZjMK00AANrv8AnwdQ9UwKXb6lGipx7JAfZJ-Sa2VD2hFOIRZpvab44AFGrZKUXDIs7sV8tuIa-Lo/s320/20180226_104632.jpg" width="180" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">1 buah kertas saring </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGbDcQY3Tavue_eG9xzpVT3pUmSlAzoLvxKWAYZ_GcYX5gXnnINBEp9ooVekLoMIcr-cia5lvflAdcsMNVSYCY8pmmx-mA12urby67Lpu203IpwKzsKWbQhZSjYVobnXed793XvkaRIYw/s1600/20180226_104623.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGbDcQY3Tavue_eG9xzpVT3pUmSlAzoLvxKWAYZ_GcYX5gXnnINBEp9ooVekLoMIcr-cia5lvflAdcsMNVSYCY8pmmx-mA12urby67Lpu203IpwKzsKWbQhZSjYVobnXed793XvkaRIYw/s320/20180226_104623.jpg" width="180" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Yang kita lakukan : </span></b></div>
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<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">200 mL air lalu dicampurkan 5 tetes pewarna makanan ke dalam gelas kimia </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">sediakan 1 sendok tepung terigu dan campurkan kedalam air 200 mL, lalu aduk. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">tuangkan secara hati-hati sebagian campuran yang telah dibuat, diatas kertas saring. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">amatilah hasil penyaringan yang terbentuk, bandingkan dengan larutan yang belum disaring. </span></li>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Proses :</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvP3_2sSJbz9B2eg36UhEkSqjyMUcC30JltejbHj-f3WsRQYzSGT0jiOHtHdESGpg7xWeIUHb04MabtB9YF5DkhPLSRdVcZ9RmBg6jv2R7vptn2N0_yAkfxehWm5782_ekJpxTWByUYro/s1600/20180226_104828.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvP3_2sSJbz9B2eg36UhEkSqjyMUcC30JltejbHj-f3WsRQYzSGT0jiOHtHdESGpg7xWeIUHb04MabtB9YF5DkhPLSRdVcZ9RmBg6jv2R7vptn2N0_yAkfxehWm5782_ekJpxTWByUYro/s320/20180226_104828.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0Eoc515kJmpmaJw56vxQEYKFRo2QclAQGNZ_ZMndRoXjfUsPnjE-RDuVQriD6oCF4tu-yfgZf9W_MC_qF409iNSWG1kB_2OwSSPZKLmApsiOylhasCm1qtA48nc2BnwRrazypPlZPKpg/s1600/20180226_105144.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0Eoc515kJmpmaJw56vxQEYKFRo2QclAQGNZ_ZMndRoXjfUsPnjE-RDuVQriD6oCF4tu-yfgZf9W_MC_qF409iNSWG1kB_2OwSSPZKLmApsiOylhasCm1qtA48nc2BnwRrazypPlZPKpg/s320/20180226_105144.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">HASIL DISKUSI : </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>1</b>. Bagaimana perbedaan air dari laurtan hasil penyaringan dan bahan awal sebelum disaring? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Jawaban : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Air sebelum disaring warnanya pekat karena dicampur dengan tepung, sedangkan setelah disaring air menjadi bening karena tepung menempel pada saringan. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>2.</b> Apa yang menyebabkan berbeda? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Jawaban : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Karena sebelum disaring air bercampur dengan tepung dan warnanya menjadi pekat, sedangkan setelah disaring tepung telah hilang terisaring sehingga warna air menjadi lebih bening. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>3.</b> Bila rangkaian percobaan diumpamakan sebagai badan Malpighi, maka : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>a</b>. corong dan kertas saring diumpamakan sebagai bagian apakah pada badan malpighi ? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Jawaban : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">corong diumpamakan sebagai bagian glomerolus, sedangkan kertas saring diumpamakan sebagai badan malpighi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>b.</b> gelas kimia diumpamakan sebagai bagian apakah pada badan malpighi ? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Jawaban : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">gelas kimia diumpamakan sebagai pelvis renalis yang berfungsi untuk menampung urine </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">KESIMPULAN : </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Apabila darah manusia tidak tersaring dengan baik dalam ginjal manusia, maka darah akan keruh saat di pelvisrenalis dan jika ginjal rusak maka darah atau cairan akan keruh seperti dibuktikan pada praktikum yaitu jika kertas saring rusak maka cairan akan tetap keruh walupun disaring dan sebaliknya jika kertas saring dalam keadaan bagus maka cairan akan bersih atau jernih.</span></b></div>
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Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-29185029571454764222018-02-21T18:14:00.003-08:002018-02-25T20:15:56.814-08:00Artikel Tentang Sistem Ekskresi <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 15px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Kelompok 6</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Anggota :</b></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Eksa Yosiva Syahban/ 06</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Luthfi Fadhil Muhammad/ 12</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nabila Ade Khoirunisa/ 15</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Navista Della Davindra/ 16</span></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDKTgFinJbG_ppVMEL_42bDlXcjuNPQTxXaJ_LCnCi2A0sQwor_h7W9-YOn3c-S-upkJajFGbAu0F7pBPlcXI9Ov1u9EKUenMnBGOod-yd18fzLbOapYxxCCUwHohz2Wi_sI96n6Qr3qk/s1600/20180222_091408.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDKTgFinJbG_ppVMEL_42bDlXcjuNPQTxXaJ_LCnCi2A0sQwor_h7W9-YOn3c-S-upkJajFGbAu0F7pBPlcXI9Ov1u9EKUenMnBGOod-yd18fzLbOapYxxCCUwHohz2Wi_sI96n6Qr3qk/s640/20180222_091408.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>ARTIKEL SISTEM EKSRESI </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>1. Pengertian </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;">Sumber : http://altundo.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ekskresi.png</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ekskresi berarti pengeluaran zat buangan atau zat sisa hasil metabolisme yang berlangsung dalam tubuh organisme. Zat sisa metabolisme dikeluarkan dari tubuh oleh alat ekskresi. Alat ekskresi pada manusia dan vertebrata lainnya berupa ginjal, paru-paru, kulit, dan hati, sedangkan alat pengeluaran pada hewan invertebrata berupa nefridium, sel api, atau buluh Malphigi.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Sistem ekskresi membantu memelihara homeostasis dengan tiga cara, yaitu melakukan osmoregulasi, mengeluarkan sisa metabolisme, dan mengatur konsentrasi sebagian besar penyusun cairan tubuh.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Mengapa kita mengeluarkan keringat, urine maupun feses? Dan apa alat tubuh yang menjalankan fungsi tersebut? Ternyata semua ini merupakan kerja dari sistem eksresi. Setiap saat didalam tubuh kita dan makhluk hidup lainnya berlangsung proses biologis yang menghasilkan zat sisa yang tidak berguna lagi bagi tubuh. Bila kadar zat sisa tersebut didalam tubuh berlebihan, akan membahayakan tubuh kita sendiri. Oleh sebab itu, zat – zat sisa tersebut harus dikeluarkan. Proses pengeluran zat – zat sisa yang merupakan hasil suatu proses faal didalam tubuh, disebut pengeluaran.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> 2. Organ Sistem Ekskresi</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ada beberapa organ yang mempunyai fungsi yang penting sehubungan dengan proses ekskresi, yaitu:</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Paru-paru (pulmo)</span>, mengeluarkan uap air dan C0<span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>.</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Hati (hepar)</span>, mengeluarkan urea dan membentuk empedu.</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Usus besar (kolon)</span>, menyerap air dan mengeluarkan logam berat.</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Kulit (integumen)</span>, mengeluarkan air, garam-garam mineral, dan minyak.</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Ginjal (ren)</span>, mengeluarkan air berupa urine yang di dalamnya terlarut garam-garam mineral dan senyawa nitrogen.</span></li>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1) Paru-paru (pulmo)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Paru-paru berfungsi mengeluarkan CO<span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> dan H<span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>O sebagai sisa <a href="http://biologimediacentre.com/sistem-respirasi-3-respirasi-pada-manusia/" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">proses respirasi</a>. Proses respirasi aerob secara detil <a href="http://biologimediacentre.com/respirasi-sel-katabolisme/" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">bisa dibaca disini</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Paru-paru manusia. Sebagai alat respirasi, paru-paru juga berfungsi sebagai alat ekskresi dengan mengeluarkan CO<span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> dan H<span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>O</span></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">2) Hati (hepar)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hati merupakan kelenjar terbesar yang terdapat di dalam tubuh manusia, berfungsi untuk:</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">menyimpan gula dalam bentuk glikogen</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">merupakan tempat pembongkaran protein menghasilkan amonia/urea</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">detoksifikasi racun</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">tempat pembentukan dan pembongkaran sel darah merah yang sudah rusak</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">membentuk empedu untuk membantu <a href="http://biologimediacentre.com/sistem-pencernaan-4-proses-pencernaan-makanan/" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">pencernaan lemak</a></span></li>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hati merupakan kelenjar terbesar yang kita miliki. Salah satu fungsi pentingnya berkaitan dengan sistem ekskresi.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dalam pembongkaran <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">eritrosit</em>, <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">hemoglobin</em> dari eritrosit akan dipecah menjadi <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">hemin</em>, Fe, <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">globin</em>. Globin akan digunakan untuk metabolisme protein lagi atau untuk membentuk hemoblobin baru. Fe disimpan di dalam hati, kemudian dikembalikan ke sumsum tulang, sedangkan hemin akan diubah menjadi zat warna empedu <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">bilirubin</span> dan <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">biliverdin</span>. Selanjutnya, akan dioksidasi menjadi urobilin yang akan memberi warna urine ataupun tinja menjadi kekuning-kuningan.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">3) Usus besar (kolon)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Selain sebagai alat pencernaan, usus besar juga berfungsi untuk menyerap kembali (rabsorbsi) air pada faeces, serta mengeluarkan logam berat, seperti Fe dan Ca, yang selanjutnya dikeluarkan melalui feses.</span></div>
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<img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-A1KJJ8BsanU/UEOeVpjBhNI/AAAAAAAAAEI/2wYjbrtcshw/s800/kolon.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" /></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Usus besar (kolon), berfungsi untuk reabsorbsi air dan pengeluaran logam berat.</span></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">4) Kulit (integumen)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Kulit merupakan lapisan pelindung terluar dari tubuh kita. Fungsi kulit diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">melindungi tubuh dari rangsang mekanis seperti gesekan, kuman, penyinaran, panas, dan zat kimia.</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">mengatur suhu tubuh dengan cara mengeluarkan keringat dan menjaga agar pengeluaran air tidak berlebih</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">sebagai alat ekskresi atau pengeluaran zat, yaitu berupa keringat yang mengandung garam</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">sebagai organ sensoris (penerima rangsang)</span></li>
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<img alt="" height="377" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--PBvI-vm2GU/UEOfbD1gDfI/AAAAAAAAAEQ/1l62_y5lees/s640/penampang_kulit.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="500" /></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Kompleksitas bagian-bagian kulit manusia. Perhatikan kelenjar keringat (sweat gland)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Kulit terdiri atas dua lapisan, yaitu <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">epidermis</span> (lapisan luar), dan <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">dermis</span> (korium) atau lapisan dalam. Lapisan luar terdiri atas beberapa lapis, yaitu:</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">stratum korneum (lapisan zat tanduk) yang mati dan selalu mengelupas</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">stratum lusidum</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">stratum granulosum yang mengandung pigmen, dan</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">stratum germinativum yaitu lapisan yang selalu membentuk sel-sel kulit ke arah luar.</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Pada lapisan dermis terdapat akar rambut, kelenjar, pembuluh darah, serabut saraf, kelenjar minyak (glandula sebasea), dan kelenjar keringat (glandula sudorifera).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Kelenjar keringat menggulung dan berhubungan dengan kapiler darah. Kelenjar tersebut akan menyerap air dan garam-garam mineral dari darah kapiler, dan selanjutnya dikeluarkan melalui kulit sebagai keringat. Keringat yang dikeluarkan di permukaan kulit akan menyerap panas tubuh, sehingga suhu tubuh menjadi tetap. Kegiatan kelenjar keringat di bawah pengaruh pusat pengatur suhu di <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">hipotalamus</span> yang dapat menghasilkan <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">enzim brandikinin</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>3. Penyebab zat sisa metabolisme harus dikeuarkan </b></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">dari tubuh </b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Zat sisa metabolisme merupakan zat yang harus segera dikeluarkan dari tubuh. Sesuai dengan namanya, zat ini merupakan sisa sehingga pastinya sudah tidak berguna dan tidak memberikan manfaat untuk tubuh. Sisa metabolisme berarti merupakan zat yang memang tidak baik untuk tubuh dan sengaja dibuang. Maka dari itu zat sisa metabolisme harus segera dibuang. Jika tidak bisa berubah menjadi racun untuk tubuh. Zat sisa metabolisme juga biasanya akan mengalami pembusukan dan menimbulkan gas dalam tubuh. Biasanya zat sisa ini dikeluarkan lewat sistem ekskresi. Bisa dalam bentuk buang air kecil atau berkeringat. Maka dari itu biasanya orang sakit akan berkeringat setelah minum obat. Karena zat sisa yang tidak dibutuhkan telah dikeluarkan melalui keringat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Zat sisa metabolisme ini berupa karbon dioksida (CO2), amonia (NH3), urea serta air. Zat sisa metabolisme yang berupa cairan ini dikeluarkan melalui sistem eksresi yaitu ginjal dan kulit. Sementara zat sisa yang berupa karbon dioksida dan uap air dikeluarkan dari paru-paru melalui pernafasan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Zat sisa metabolisme ini harus dikeluarkan dari tubuh karena berbahaya. Misalnya:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>kadar urea</b> yang berlebih dalam darah atau yang disebut sebagai uremia, ini akan membuat kita menjadi muntah-muntah, detak jantung tidak teratur, susah nafas bahkan kematian. Kadar urea berlebih ini timbul karena urea tidak bisa dikeluarkan dari darah dan dari tubuh. Hal ini bisa disebabkan karena gagal ginjal.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Sementara itu bila <b>kadar karbon dioksida</b> di darah berlebih atau hypercapnia, maka akan membuat tubuh menjadi lemas, kepala pusing dan tekanan darah tinggi. Kelebihan kadar karbon dioksida ini terjadi bila paru-paru gagal menyaring karbon dioksida tersebut dari darah, misalnya karena kanker.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>4. Gangguan pada sitem ekskresi </b></span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">GANGGUAN PADA GINJAL<ol style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Batu ginjal</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Batu ginjal dapat terbentuk karena pengendapan garam kalsium di dalam rongga ginjal, saluran ginjal, atau kandung kemih.</div>
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Batu ginjal berbentuk kristal yang tidak bisa larut dan mengandung kalsium oksalat, asam urat, dan kristal kalsium fosfat. Penyebabnya adalah karena terlalu banyak mengonsumsi garam mineral dan terlalu sedikit mengonsumsi air. Batu ginjal tersebut lebih lanjut dapat menimbulkan hidronefrosis. Hidronefrosis adalah membesarnya salah satu ginjal karena urine tidak dapat mengalir keluar. Hal itu akibat penyempitan aliran ginjal atau tersumbat oleh batu ginjal.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Perbanyaklah minum air putih agar air seni lancar. Ketika berada di ruangan ber-AC, Perbanyak minum air putih walaupaun tidak haus, Minumlah air putih minimal 8 gelas sehari.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hindari minum atau memasak menggunakan air yang kandungan kapurnya tinggi. Kapur di dalam tubuh bisa membentuk batu.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Jika menderita penyakit gout dan hiperparatiroid segera atasi. Kedua penyakit itu meningkatkan resiko terbentuknya batu ginjal.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Lakukan olahraga rutin dengan tujuan agar metabolisme di dalam tubuh berjalan dengan baik. Idealnya, lakukan olahraga dua hari sekali. Pilihlah jenis olahraga yang disukai dan lakukan sesuai kemampuan, jangan dipaksakan.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Jangan duduk terlalu lama saat bekerja. Posisi tersebut mempermudah terjadinya pengendapan Kristal air seni yang kemudian membentuk batu. Paling tidak, dua jam sekali bangkitlah dari duduk dan berjalan-jalan sebentar.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bila terasa ingin membuang air seni sebaiknya segera lakukan. Sangat tidak disarankan untuk menahan air seni, karena Kristal-kristal tersebut bisa mengendap membentuk batu ginjal.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hindari makanan yang mengandung kalsium tinggi, seperti susu dengan kalsium tinggi. Begitu juga dengan makanan yang mengandung purin tinggi, seperti jeroan, emping, dan brokoli. Dan kurangi konsumsi kacang-kacangan, cokelat, soda dan teh.</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
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Penyakit ini dapat diatasi dengan pembedahan dan sinar laser. Tujuan dari pembedahan untuk membuang endapan garam kalium. Tujuan menggunakan sinar laser untuk memecahkan endapan garam kalsium.</div>
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Nefritis</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Nefritis adalah kerusakan bagian glomerulus ginjal akibat alergi racun kuman. Nefritis biasanya disebabkan adanya bakteri Streptococcus. Rusaknya nefron mengakibatkan urine masuk kembali ke dalam darah dan penyerapan air menjadi terganggu sehingga timbul pembengkakan di daerah kaki.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
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Penderita nefritis bisa disembuhkan dengan cangkokan ginjal atau cuci darah secara rutin. Cuci darah biasanya dilakukan sampai penderita mendapatkan donor ginjal yang memiliki kesesuaian jaringan dengan organ penderita.</div>
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Glukosuria</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Glukosuria adalah penyakit yang ditandai adanya glukosa dalam urine. Penyakit tersebut sering juga disebut penyakit gula atau kencing manis (diabetes mellitus). Kadar glukosa dalam darah meningkat karena kekurangan hormon insulin. Nefron tidak mampu menyerap kembali kelebihan glukosa, sehingga kelebihan glukosa dibuang bersama urine.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Kontrol kebiasaan makan</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Kendalikan berat badan</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Olah raga secar teratur</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Kelola faktro resiko lain (hipertensi, kadar lemak darah, dll)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bagi yang beresiko tinggi, periksa glukosa darah setiap tahun</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
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Bagi pasien Diabetes Melitus kendalikan kadar glukosa darah (dengan diet, olahraga & obat sesuai petunjuk dokter) dan periksa secara berkala. Pasien yang cukup terkendali dengan pengaturan makan saja tidak mengalami kesulitan kalau berpuasa. Pasien yang cukup terkendali dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obat" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Obat">obat</a> dosis tunggal juga tidak mengalami kesulitan untuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puasa" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Puasa">berpuasa</a>. Obat diberikan pada saat berbuka puasa. Untuk yang terkendali dengan obat hipoglikemik oral (OHO) dosis tinggi, obat diberikan dengan dosis sebelum berbuka lebih besar daripada dosis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sahur&action=edit&redlink=1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sahur (halaman belum tersedia)">sahur</a>. Untuk yang memakai insulin, dipakai insulin jangka menengah yang diberikan saat berbuka saja. Sedangkan pasien yang harus menggunakan insulin (DMTI) dosis ganda, dianjurkan untuk tidak berpuasa dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadhan" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ramadhan">bulan Ramadhan</a>.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Albuminuria</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">penyebab :</li>
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Albuminuria adalah penyakit yang ditunjukkan oleh adanya molekul albumin dan protein lain dalam urine. Penyebabnya karena adanya kerusakan pada alat filtrasi.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Untuk mengurangi resiko terjadinya albuminuria mungkin bisa dimulai dengan membiasakan diri minum 8 gelas sehari, walaupun sebetulnya tidak merasa haus.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Selain itu pencegahannya juga dapat dilakukan dengan tidak mengonsumsi hanya salah satu zat gizi saja secara berlebihan (misalnya hanya protein atau kalsium saja). Artinya makanan yang kita makan juga haru seimbang, baik dari segi jumlah maupun kadar gizinya.</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hematuria</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Hematuria adalah penyakit yang ditandai adanya sel darah merah dalam urine. Penyakit tersebut disebabkan adanya peradangan pada organ urinaria atau karena iritasi akibat gesekan batu ginjal.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Gagal ginjal</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Gagal ginjal terjadi jika salah satu ginjal tidak berfungsi. Kegagalan salah satu ginjal ini akan diambil alih tugasnya oleh ginjal lain. Namun, keadaan ini akan tetap menimbulkan resiko sangat tinggi. Karena menyebabkan penimbunan urea dalam tubuh dan kematian.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
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Penyakit ini dapat diatasi dengan cangkok ginjal atau menggunakan ginjal tiruan sampai ginjal yang asli dapat kembali berfungsi.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">B. </strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">GANGGUAN PADA HATI</strong><ol style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hepatitis</li>
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</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Hepatitis adalah radang hati yang disebabkan oleh virus. Virus hepatitis ada beberapa macam, misalnya virus hepatitis A dan hepatitis B. Hepatitis yang disebabkan oleh virus hepatitis B lebih berbahaya daripada hepatitis yang disebabkan oleh virus hepatitis A.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hepatitis dapat dicegah dengan melakukan vaksinasi.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Jarum untuk akupuntur atau tatto harus steril</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hindari pemakaian alat-alat secara bersamaan seperti cukur, sisir</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hindari aktivitas sex dengan berganti-ganti pasangan</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hindari mendapat donor darah yang tidak resmi</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">melalui kimiawi yang bertujuan untuk mematikan virus hepatitis</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">pengobatan suportif yang bertujuan untuk melindungi sel hati dan membantu pemulihan sel hati yang rusak</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyakit kuning</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Penyakit kuning disebabkan oleh tersumbatnya saluran empedu yang mengakibatkan cairan empedu tidak dapat dialirkan ke dalam usus dua belas jari, sehingga masuk ke dalam darah dan warna darah menjadi kuning. Kulit penderita tampak pucat kekuningan, bagian putih bola mata berwarna kekuningan, dan kuku jaripun berwarna kuning. Hal ini terjadi karena di seluruh tubuh terdapat pembuluh darah yang mengangkut darah berwarna kekuningan karena bercampur dengan cairan empedu.<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Sirosis hati</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Sirosis hati adalah keadaan penyakit yang sudah lanjut dimana fungsi hati sudah sangat terganggu akibat banyaknya jaringan ikat di dalam hati. Sirosis hati dapat terjadi karena virus Hepatitis B dan C yang berkelanjutan, karena alkohol, salah gizi, atau karena penyakit lain yang menyebabkan sumbatan saluran empedu.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyembuhan :</li>
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Sirosis tidak dapat disembuhkan, pengobatan dilakukan untuk mengobati komplikasi yang terjadi (seperti muntah dan berak darah, asites/perut membesar, mata kuning serta koma hepatikum).</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Perlemakan hati</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Perlemakan hati terjadi bila penimbunan lemak melebihi 5 % dari berat hati atau mengenai lebih dari separuh jaringan sel hati. Perlemakan hati ini sering berpotensi menjadi penyebab kerusakan hati dan sirosis hati. Kelainan ini dapat timbul karena mengkonsumsi alkohol berlebih disebut ASH (Alcoholic Steatohepatitis), maupun bukan karena alkohol disebut NASH (Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis).</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Kanker hati</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Kanker hati terjadi apabila sel kanker berkembang pada jaringan hati. Kanker hati yang banyak terjadi adalah Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC merupakan komplikasi akhir yang serius dari hepatitis kronis, terutama sirosis yang terjadi karena virus hepatitis B, C dan hemochromatosis.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Koletasis dan jaundice</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Kolestasis merupakan keadaan akibat kegagalan memproduksi dan pengeluaran empedu. Lamanya menderita kolestasis dapat menyebabkan gagalnya penyerapan lemak dan vitamin A, D, E, K oleh usus, juga adanya penumpukan asam empedu, bilirubin dan kolesterol di hati. Adanya kelebihan bilirubin dalam sirkulasi darah dan penumpukan pigmen empedu pada kulit, membran mukosa dan bola mata disebut jaundice. Pada keadaan ini kulit penderita terlihat kuning, warna urin menjadi lebih gelap, sedangkan faeces lebih terang.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">C. </strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">GANGGUAN PADA PARU-PARU</strong><ol style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Asma</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Asma dikenal dengan bengek yang disebabkan oleh bronkospasme. Asma merupakan penyempitan saluran pernapasan utama pada paru-paru. Gejala penyakit ini ditandai dengan susah untuk bernapas atau sesak napas. Penyakit ini tidak menular dan bersifat menurun. Kondisi lingkungan yang udaranya tidak sehat atau telah tercemar akan memicu serangan asma.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Langkah tepat yang dapat dilakukan untuk menghindari serangan asma adalah menjauhi faktor-faktor penyebab yang memicu timbulnya serangan asma itu sendiri. Setiap penderita umumnya memiliki ciri khas tersendiri terhadap hal-hal yang menjadi pemicu serangan asmanya.</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
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Penyakit Asma (Asthma) sampai saat ini belum dapat diobati secara tuntas, ini artinya serangan asma dapat terjadi dikemudian hari. Penanganan dan pemberian obat-obatan kepada penderita asma adalah sebagai tindakan mengatasi serangan yang timbul yang mana disesuaikan dengan tingkat keparahan dari tanda dan gejala itu sendiri. Prinsip dasar penanganan serangan asma adalah dengan pemberian obat-obatan baik suntikan (<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hydrocortisone</em>), syrup ventolin (<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salbutamol</em>) atau nebulizer (gas salbutamol) untuk membantu melonggarkan saluran pernafasan.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Tubrculosis (TBC)</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Penyakit <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">TBC</strong> disebabkan oleh bakteri <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em>. Penyakit ini dapat menular melalui percikan ludah saat penderita batuk.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penegahan :</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Menghindari kontak dengan penderita TBC.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Tidak meggunakan peralatan terutama peralatan makn dengan penderita TBC.</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
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Pengobatan untuk TBC bila sudah diketahui sejak dini sebenarnya tidak terlalu mahal dan mudah untuk disembuhkan karena sudah ada obat yang disediakan pemerintah. Bila diperlukan, penderita TBC dapat juga dikarantina di tempat khusus agar tidak menularkan penyakitnya.Penyakit ini juga sebenarnya merupakan salah satu penyakit yang sudah ditaklukan, tetapi belakangan kembali menyerang. Salah satunya adalah karena penderita tuberkulosis ini tidak menghabiskan obat mereka. Obat harus diminum secara teratur selama 6 sampai 9 bulan untuk menyembuhkan penyakit ini. Tidak menghabiskan obat dapat menyebabkan penderita tidak dapat sembuh dan menyebabkan obat tidak mampu lagi melawan kuman karena kuman menjadi kebal.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pneumonia</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh bakteri, virus atau jamur yang menginfeksi paru-paru khususnya di alveolus. Penyakit ini menyebabkan oksigen susah masuk karena alveolus dipenuhi oleh cairan.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Selalu memelihara kebersihan dan menjaga daya tahan tubuh tetap kuat dapat mencegah agar bakteri tidak mampu menembus pertahanan kesehatan tubuh.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Biasakan untuk mencuci tangan, makan makanan bergizi</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"> berolahraga secara teratur.</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan:</li>
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Apabila telah menderita pneumonia, biasanya disembuhkan dengan meminum <a href="http://pinginsehat.info/2011/03/fakta-menarik-tentang-antibiotik/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;">antibiotik</a>.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Emfisema</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Emfisema disebabkan karena hilangnya elastisitas alveolus. Alveolus sendiri adalah gelembung-gelembung yang terdapat dalam paru-paru. Pada penderita emfisema, volume paru-paru lebih besar dibandingkan dengan orang yang sehat karena karbondioksida yang seharusnya dikeluarkan dari paru-paru terperangkap didalamnya. Asap rokok dan kekurangan enzim alfa-1-antitripsin adalah penyebab kehilangan elastisitas pada paru-paru.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
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Menghindari asap rokok adalah langkah terbaik untuk mencegah penyakit ini. Berhenti merokok juga sangat penting.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bronkitis</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Penyakit <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">bronkitis disebabkan</strong> oleh peradangan pada bronkus (saluran yang membawa udara menuju paru-paru). Penyebabnya bisa karena infeksi kuman, bakteri atau virus. Penyebab lainnya adalah asap rokok, debu, atau polutan udara.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh merupakan salah satu pencegahan yang dapat dilakukan.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Sedangkan untuk mencegah bronkitis kronik adalah dengan menghentikan kebiasaan merokok juga menghindari asap rokok agar tidak menjadi perokok pasif yang sangat berbahaya.</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
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Untuk pengobatan bila disebabkan oleh bakteri atau kuman dapat diatasi dengan meminum <a href="http://pinginsehat.info/2011/03/fakta-menarik-tentang-antibiotik/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;">antibiotik</a> sesuai anjuran dokter. Bila disebabkan oleh virus, biasanya digunakan obat-obatan untuk meringankan gejala.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Asbestosis</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Adalah suatu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Penyakit">penyakit</a> saluran pernafasan yang di sebabkan oleh menghirup serat-serat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asbes&action=edit&redlink=1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Asbes (belum dibuat)">asbes</a>, dimana pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paru-paru" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paru-paru">paru-paru</a> terbentuk jaringan parut yang luas. Asbestos terdiri dari serat silikat mineral dengan komposisi kimiawi yang berbeda. Jika terhisap, serat asbes mengendap di dalam dalam paru-paru, menyebabkan parut. Menghirup asbes juga dapat menyebabkan penebalan<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pleura&action=edit&redlink=1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pleura (belum dibuat)">pleura</a> (selaput yang melapisi paru-paru).</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
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Asbestosis dapat dicegah dengan mengurangi kadar serat dan debu asbes di lingkungan kerja. Karena industri yang menggunakan asbes sudah melakukan kontrol debu, sekarang ini lebih sedikit yang menderita asbestosis, tetapi mesotelioma masih terjadi pada orang yang pernah terpapar 40 tahun lalu.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
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Pengobatan suportif untuk mengatasi gejala yang timbul adalah membuang lendir/dahak dari paru-paru melalui prosedur postural drainase, perkusi dada dan vibrasi. Diberikan obat semprot untuk mengencerkan lendir. Mungkin perlu diberikan oksigen, baik melalui sungkup muka (masker) maupun melalui selang plastik yang dipasang di lubang hidung. Kadang dilakukan pencangkokan paru-paru. Mesotelioma berakibat fatal, kemoterapi tidak banyak bermanfaat dan pengangkatan tumor tidak menyembuhkan kanker.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Paru-paru hitam</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Paru-paru hitam merupakan akibat dari terhirupnya serbuk batubara dalam jangka waktu yang lama. Merokok tidak menyebabkan meningkatnya angka kejadian paru-paru hitam, tetapi bisa memberikan efek tambahan yang berbahaya bagi paru-paru. Resiko menderita paru-paru hitam berhubungan dengan lamanya dan luasnya pemaparan terhadap debu batubara. Kebanyakan pekerja yang terkena berusia lebih dari 50 tahun. Penyakit ini ditemukan pada 6 dari 100.000 orang.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
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Paru-paru hitam dapat dicegah dengan menghindari debu batubara pada lingkungan kerja. Pekerja tambang batubara harus menjalani pemeriksaan foto dada tiap 4-5 tahun sehingga penyakit ini dapat ditemukan pada stadium awal. Jika ditemukan penyakit, maka pekerja tersebut harus dipindahkan ke daerah dimana kadar debu batubaranya rendah, untuk menghindari terjadinya fibrosis masif progresif.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
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Tidak ada pengobatan khusus untuk penyakit ini, selain untuk mengobati komplikasinya (gagal jantung kanan atau tuberkulosis paru). Jika terjadi gangguan pernapasan, maka diberikan bronkodilator dan ekspektoran. Tetapi adalah penting untuk menghindari pemaparan lebih lanjut.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Sinusitis</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Sinusitis adalah infeksi dalam rongga sinus yaitu rongga berisi udara yang letaknya dalam rongga kepala di sekitar hidung. Infeksi atau peradangan sinus umumnya terjadi sebagai kelanjutan infeksi hidung. Setiap kondisi dalam hidung yang menghambat aliran keluar cairan hidung cenderung menyebabkan infeksi dari sinus. Seperti adanya infeksi virus, bakteri atau benda asing penyebab alergi dapat menimbulkan pembengkakan selaput lendir hidung dan hal yang sama juga terjadi pada sinus sehingga menutup hubungan antara sinus dan hidung. Alergen yang terhirup seperti debu, spora jamur, bulu binatang, serbuk sari bunga, dan lain-lain menimbulkan reaksi alergi dan pembengkakan yang dapat berpengaruh atas timbulnya serangan sinusitis.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Infeksi virus dan bakteri harus dihindari dengan meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh misalnya istirahat dan gizi yang cukup serta olahraga yang teratur.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"> Hindari juga alergen seperti debu, asap rokok dan polusi lain serta obat-obatan dan jenis makanan tertentu yang dapat menimbulkan alergi.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Jenis alergennya harus diketahui agar reaksi selanjutnya dapat dihindari atau dikurangi. Menyelam dan berenang juga harus dihindari karena air dapat masuk ke dalam sinus sehingga menimbulkan sumbatan atau infeksi.</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pleuritis</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Pleuritis adalah peradangan pada pleura, yang merupakan, lembab berlapis ganda membran yang mengelilingi paru-paru dan garis tulang rusuk. Kondisi ini dapat membuat napas sangat menyakitkan. Kadang-kadang dikaitkan dengan kondisi lain yang disebut efusi pleura, di mana kelebihan cairan mengisi daerah antara lapisan membran itu.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
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Pengobatan yang dilakukan pada penderita sinusitis biasanya meliputi:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Suntikan anti alergi</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Menghindari pencetus alergi</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Semprotan hidung yang mengandungkortikosteroid untuk membantu mengurangi bengkak di rongga sinus, terutama karena adanya polip ataupun karena alergi.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Tindakan operasi untuk membersihkan dan mengeringkan rongga sinus mungkin diperlukan terutama bagi pasien yang mengalami peradangan yang berulang.</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Kanker paru-paru</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
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Kanker paru-paru adalah pertumbuhan sel kanker yang tidak terkendali dalam jaringan paru. Jika dibiarkan pertumbuhan yang abnormal ini dapat menyebar ke organ lain, baik yang dekat dengan paru maupun yang jauh misalnya tulang, hati, atau otak. Penyakit kanker paru-paru lebih banyak disebabkan oleh merokok (87%), sedangkan sisanya disebabkan oleh zat asbes, radiasi, arsen, kromat, nikel, klorometil eter, gas mustard dan pancaran oven arang bisa menyebabkan kanker paru-paru, meskipun biasanya hanya terjadi pada pekerja yang juga merokok.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
</ul>
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Berhenti dan hindari merokok.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
</ul>
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Beberapa tindakan yang dapat dilakukan adalah:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Tindakan operasi pembedahan mengangkat sell kanker</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Tindakan Therapy Radiasi</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Tindakan Therapy Kemotherapy</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Tindakan penyuntikan {Photodynamic (PTD)}</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pemberian Nutrisi dan supplement dapat mengurang gejala yang disebabkan oleh kanker paru. Vitamin D dan Fe sangat baik untuk diberikan oleh penderita penyakit kanker paru, Begitu pula dengan makanan antioxidant seperti blueberri, cherri, dan buah tomat</li>
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D. </strong><strong style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">GANGGUAN PADA KULIT</strong><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252137; font-family: "source sans pro" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">1. Skabies</span><br />
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Kudis (scabies) adalah penyakit kulit yang menular, penyakit ini memiliki gejala gatal, dan rasa gatal tersebut akan lebih para pada malam hari. Sering muncul di tempat-tempat lembab di tubuh seperti misalnya, tangan, ketiak, pantat, kunci paha dan terkang di celang jari tangan atau kaki.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">mencuci sperai tempat tidur, handuk dan pakaian yan dipakai dalam 2 hari belakangan dengan air hangat dan deterjen.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Menjaga kebersihan kulit.</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
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Untuk pengobatan luar, cukup ambil daun, kulit, batang, atau akar salam seperlunya. Cuci bersih, lalu giling halus sampai menjad adonan seperti bubur. Balurkan ke tempat yang gatal, kemudian dibalut.</div>
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2. Kurap</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Penyakit Kurap merupakan suatu penyakit kulit menular yang disebabkan oleh fungsi. Gejala kurap mulai dapat dikenali ketika terdapat baian kecil yang kasar pada kulit dan dikelilingi lingkaran merah muda.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mencuci tangan yang sempurna.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Menjaga kebersihan tubuh.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mengindari kontak dengan penderita.</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
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Dapat diobati dengan anti jamur yang mengandung mikonazol dan kloritomazol dengan benar dapat menghilangkan infeksi.</div>
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3. Panu</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Panu adalah salah satu penyakit kulit yang disebabkan oleh jamur. Penyakit panau ditandai dengan bercak yang terdapat pada kulit disertai rasa gatal pada saat berkeringat. Bercak-bercak ini bisa berwarna putih, coklat atau merah tergantung warna kulit si penderita.<br />
Panu paling banyak dijumpai pada remaja usia belasan. Meskipun begitu panau juga bisa ditemukan pada penderita berumur tua.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Menjaga kebersihan badan.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Usahakan agar kulit dalam keadaan kering dan tidak lembab.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pakaian dan handuk mandi jangan sampai lembab, karena pakaian yang lembab memicu tumbuhnya jamur.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Jangan menggunakan pakaian atau peralatan mandi dengan penderita panu.</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
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Panu dapat diobati dengan obat-obatan tradisional seperti daun sirih yang dicampur dengan kapur sirih dan dioles pada kulit yang terserang Panu. Atau juga dapat digunakan obat-obat yang di jual di pasaran seperti Pandas dan Kalpanax.</div>
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4. Biduran</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Biduran disebabkan oleh udara dingin, alergi makanan dan alergi bahan kimia. Biduran ditandai dengan timbulnya bentol-bentol yang tidak beraturan dan terasa gatal. Biduran dapat berlangsung beberapa jam dan dapat juga berlangsung berhari-hari.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
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Bagi penderita biduran, pencegahan dapat dilakukan dengan menghindari faktor-faktor penyebab tim bulnya bidur. Seperti udara dingin, makanan dan bahan kimia.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
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Pengobatan dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan resep obat yang diberikan oleh dokter.</div>
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5. Ringworm</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Ringworm adalah sejenis jamur yang menginfeksi kulit. Infeksi ini ditandai dengan timbulnya bercak lingkaran di kulit.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
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Pencegahan penyakit ini dilakukan dengan menjaga agar kulit tetap kering dan tidak lembab.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
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Pengobatannya dilakukan dengan mengkonsumsi obat anti jamur.</div>
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6. Psosiaris</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Penyebab pasti dari penyakit ini belum bisa ditentukan, tetapi hasil dari banyak penelitian penyakit ini disebabkan adanya gangguan pada sistem kekebalan tubuh. Ada dua tipe sel darah putih yang berperan dalam sistem kekebalan tubuh kita, yaitu sel limfosit T dan limfosit B. Pada psoriaris terjadi aktivasi limfosit T yang tidak normal di kulit. Ini menyebabkan kulit menjadi meradang secara berlebihan.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
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Psoriasis belum dapat disembuhkan secara total, tetapi pengobatan teratur dapat menekan gejala menjadi tidak nampak. Gejala yang ditimbulkannya adalah kulit kemerahan yang dapat terjadi di kulit kepala, sikut, punggung, dan lutut.</div>
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7. Kanker kulit</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
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Penyakit kanker kulit disebabkan oleh penerimaan sinar matahari yang berlebihan. Penyakit ini lebih sering menyerang orang yang berkulit putih atau terang, karena warna kulit tersebut lebih sensitif terhadap sinar matahari.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
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Pencegahan dapat dilakukan dengan tabir surya atau menghindari kontak dengan sinar matahari yang terlalu banyak.</div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sumber : </b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>https://irmaekayanti.wordpress.com/2008/12/15/sistem-ekskresi/</i></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 15px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>http://biologimediacentre.com/sistem-ekskresi-3-sistem-ekskresi-pada-manusia/</i></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 15px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>http://www.bhataramedia.com/forum/mengapa-zat-sisa-metabolisme-harus-dikeluarkan-dari-tubuh/</i></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 15px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>https://brainly.co.id/tugas/2993614</i></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 15px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>https://fitria97.wordpress.com/tugas-tugas/ipa/biologi/gangguan-pada-sistem-ekskresi-manusia/</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Tugas Diskusi Hal 80</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1. Apakah tubuh kita mengeluarkan zat sisa?Coba identifikasi zat sisa yang dikeluarkan oleh tubuhmu.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Zat sisa yang dikeluarkan oleh tubuh manusia :</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Urine</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Keringat</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gas Karbondioksida (CO2)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Uap air</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Urea </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Asam Urat</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Bilirubin</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">2. Mengapa zat sisa yang ada di dalam tubuhmu harus dikeluarkan </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Tubuh kita harus meneluarkan zat sisa karena bila zat sisa tersebut di dalam tubuh berlebihan, akan membahayakan tubuh kita sendiri dan dapat menyebabkan berbagai macam penyakit, salah satunya seperti Batu ginjal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">3. Bagaimana dampaknya jika zat sisa dalam tubuhmu tidak dikeluarkan?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dalam beberapa saat, zat sisa metabolisme tersebut akan mengalami pembusukan, menimbulkan gas. Gas tersebut bersifat racun dan bisa menyebabkan berbagai macam penyakit. Sehingga harus dikeluarkan.</span></div>
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Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-49181333871486649092018-02-14T17:46:00.001-08:002018-02-14T17:46:12.375-08:00Video Sistem Pernapasan <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-77625149324975432752018-02-11T22:10:00.000-08:002018-02-11T22:10:14.751-08:00Biang Keringat <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: museosans300, sans-serif; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Biang keringat</span></b></div>
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Biang keringat atau miliaria adalah ruam kecil berwarna merah dan menonjol yang terasa gatal, serta bisa menyebabkan sensasi menyengat atau perih pada bagian kulit. Kelainan yang juga dikenal dengan nama ruam panas ini tidak hanya terjadi pada bayi, namun orang dewasa juga bisa mengalaminya ketika cuaca sedang panas atau pada lingkungan yang bersuhu lembap.</div>
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Biang keringat biasanya muncul beberapa hari setelah seseorang terkena pajanan suhu panas. Kondisi ini bisa muncul di seluruh bagian tubuh, tapi sering kali muncul pada bagian wajah, leher, punggung, dada, dan bagian paha.</div>
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<img alt="Biang Keringat-Alodokter" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-65525" height="433" src="http://res.cloudinary.com/dk0z4ums3/image/upload/v1502867067/attached_image/biang-keringat-alodokter.jpg" style="height: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%;" width="650" /></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gejala dan Jenis Biang Keringat</span></h4>
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Lokasi munculnya <a href="http://www.alodokter.com/ruam-kulit" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3973cf; cursor: pointer; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">ruam</a> pada orang dewasa dan bayi umumnya berbeda. Pada bayi, biang keringat biasanya muncul pada bagian leher, dan terkadang pada bagian ketiak, lipatan siku, dan selangkangan. Pada orang dewasa, biang keringat akan muncul pada lipatan kulit yang bergesekan dengan pakaian.</div>
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Terdapat beberapa jenis biang keringat menurut tingkat keparahannya. Tanda dan gejala yang muncul juga bervariasi pada setiap jenisnya. Berikut ini adalah jenis-jenis yang diketahui:</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: museosans300, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; list-style-image: initial !important; list-style-position: initial !important; margin: 20px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Miliaria kristalina.</span> Ini adalah jenis biang keringat yang paling ringan dan hanya memengaruhi saluran keringat dari lapisan kulit teratas. Kondisi ini bisa ditandai dengan kemunculan bintil-bintil berisi cairan berwarna jernih yang mudah pecah. Miliaria kristalina lebih cenderung terjadi pada bayi dibandingkan orang dewasa. Biang keringat jenis ini biasanya tidak gatal dan tidak terasa sakit.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Miliaria rubra.</span> Biang keringat jenis ini muncul di lapisan kulit yang lebih dalam dan biasanya terjadi pada daerah bersuhu panas atau lembap. Gejala dari kondisi ini adalah berupa sensasi gatal dan menyengat disertai munculnya bintil merah. Kulit akan mengalami peradangan dan terasa sakit akibat dari keringat yang tidak bisa keluar dari permukaan kulit.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Miliaria pustulosa.</span> Ini adalah perkembangan dari miliaria rubra di mana bintil mengalami peradangan dan berisi nanah.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Miliaria </span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">profunda.</span> Ini adalah jenis biang keringat yang paling jarang terjadi, dan berdampak pada dermis atau lapisan kulit yang lebih dalam. Biang keringat jenis ini bisa bersifat kronis dan sering kambuh. Kondisi ini lebih cenderung terjadi pada orang dewasa setelah melakukan aktivitas fisik yang menghasilkan banyak keringat. Tanda-tanda yang terlihat dari miliaria profunda adalah bintil berwarna merah yang berukuran lebih besar dan lebih keras.</li>
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Biang keringat umumnya bukan merupakan kondisi yang membutuhkan penanganan secara khusus. Kondisi ini biasanya dapat pulih dengan sendirinya dengan mendinginkan kulit serta menghindari pajanan panas. Meski demikian, segera temui dokter jika ruam terlihat makin parah, gejala yang muncul bertahan cukup lama, atau Anda melihat adanya tanda-tanda infeksi, seperti:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.alodokter.com/demam" style="border: 0px; color: #3973cf; cursor: pointer; font-family: museosans300; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Demam</a> dan menggigil.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Rasa sakit makin bertambah.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nanah keluar dari bintil dan benjolan ruam.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.alodokter.com/limfadenopati" style="border: 0px; color: #3973cf; cursor: pointer; font-family: museosans300; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening</a> di ketiak dan selangkangan.</li>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Penyebab dan Faktor Risiko Biang Keringat</span></div>
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Biang keringat disebabkan oleh keringat yang terjebak di balik kulit dan tidak bisa menguap akibat kelenjar keringat tubuh yang terhambat. Sebagai akibatnya, kulit mengalami peradangan dan timbul ruam. Berikut ini adalah beberapa faktor yang bisa menghambat kelenjar keringat di dalam tubuh :</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: museosans300, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; list-style-image: initial !important; list-style-position: initial !important; margin: 20px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Iklim tropis.</span> Kemunculan biang keringat bisa disebabkan oleh cuaca atau suhu lingkungan yang panas dan lembap.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kepanasan,</span> misalnya karena menggunakan pakaian yang terlalu tebal atau tidur dengan selimut yang berlebihan.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Aktivitas fisik tertentu.</span> Olahraga atau pekerjaan yang memerlukan aktivitas fisik yang berat hingga menyebabkan keluarnya banyak keringat juga bisa menyebabkan terjadinya biang keringat.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kelenjar keringat belum berkembang.</span> Kasus biang keringat lebih mudah terjadi pada bayi, terutama pada bayi yang sedang dihangatkan dengan inkubator, memakai pakaian yang panas, atau mengalami demam. Bayi belum memiliki kelenjar keringat yang sudah berkembang sepenuhnya dan terkadang dapat membuat keringat tertahan di balik kulit.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tirah baring (<em style="border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">bed rest</em>) terlalu lama.</span> Risiko mengalami biang keringat juga tinggi pada pasien yang diwajibkan untuk beristirahat di ranjang untuk waktu yang cukup lama.</li>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Diagnosis dan </span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pengobatan Biang Keringat</span></h4>
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Biang keringat dapat dikenali dari penampakan ruam merah pada lapisan kulit. Seperti yang telah disebutkan di atas, kondisi ini umumnya tidak membutuhkan pertolongan medis. Meski biang keringat bukan kondisi yang serius, tidak ada salahnya untuk diatasi sesegera mungkin. Kondisi ini bisa ditangani sendiri di rumah dengan langkah-langkah sederhana, seperti berikut ini:</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: museosans300, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; list-style-image: initial !important; list-style-position: initial !important; margin: 20px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Menghindari panas berlebih dan tempat </span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">yang </span>Pajanan terhadap panas akan membuat Anda lebih banyak berkeringat dan membuat ruam makin parah. Dianjurkan untuk lebih sering berteduh atau mencari tempat dingin untuk menghindari panas. Selain itu, minumlah banyak cairan agar terhindar dari dehidrasi.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Menjaga kulit tetap dingin.</span> Untuk menurunkan keringat dan menjaga kulit tetap dingin, berendam atau mandi bisa membantu menjadikan tubuh terasa sejuk dan menghindari keringat berlebih.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Memakai p</span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">akaian longgar.</span> Hindari menggunakan pakaian yang terbuat dari serat sintetis, seperti <em style="border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">polyester</em> atau Bahan-bahan ini lebih menyerap panas dan membuat Anda makin banyak berkeringat.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mengonsumsi </span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">tablet</span> Obat antihistamin berguna untuk meredakan gatal-gatal pada kulit. Meski demikian, pastikan untuk menanyakan kepada dokter terlebih dahulu apakah obat ini cocok dengan kondisi kesehatan Anda.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Menggunakan</span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> krim hidrokortison.</span> Krim ini sangat efektif untuk mengatasi bagian kulit yang mengalami gatal-gatal dan iritasi. Tapi jangan gunakan pada bagian wajah dan selalu ikuti petunjuk yang tertera pada kemasan</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Memakai lo</span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">s</span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ion <em style="border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">calamine</em>.</span> Losion ini bisa membantu meredakan kulit yang gatal, perih atau mengalami iritasi.</li>
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Jika langkah-langkah pengobatan di atas tidak membuahkan hasil, atau setelah 3-4 hari ruam merah tidak menghilang bahkan bertambah parah, segeralah berkonsultasi dengan dokter.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pencegahan Biang Keringat</span></h4>
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Ada beberapa langkah yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencegah biang keringat, yaitu:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Usahakan agar tubuh tidak kepanasan, khususnya pada musim panas.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gunakan sabun yang tidak membuat kulit menjadi kering dan tidak mengandung parfum.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jangan gunakan losion atau krim yang dapat menyumbat pori-pori kulit.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hindari mengenakan pakaian ketat yang dapat menyebabkan kulit sulit bernapas.</li>
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Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8145623032414102677.post-83095707390096155222018-02-11T22:07:00.004-08:002018-02-11T22:07:40.939-08:00Jerawat<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: museosans300, sans-serif; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Jerawat</span></b></div>
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Jerawat adalah masalah kulit yang ditandai dengan munculnya bintik-bintik pada beberapa bagian tubuh, seperti wajah, leher, punggung, dan dada. Bintik-bintik tersebut dapat berkisar mulai dari yang ringan, seperti <a href="http://www.alodokter.com/tanganmu-yang-kotor-bisa-memperparah-komedo-hitam" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3973cf; cursor: pointer; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">komedo hitam</a> dan komedo putih, hingga bintik-bintik parah yang berisi nanah dan kista. Biasanya bintik-bintik yang tergolong parah tersebut akan meninggalkan bekas luka.</div>
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Selain ditandai dengan <a href="http://www.alodokter.com/jerawat/gejala" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3973cf; cursor: pointer; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">gejala-gejala </a>seperti kulit berminyak dan munculnya bintik-bintik, kadang-kadang jerawat juga menyebabkan kulit terasa panas dan sakit saat disentuh. Ada beberapa bagian pada tubuh yang biasa ditumbuhi jerawat dan yang paling umum adalah wajah. Jerawat merupakan kondisi yang umum, artinya sebagian besar orang pernah mengalaminya.</div>
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<img alt="Acne" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1793" height="434" src="http://res.cloudinary.com/dk0z4ums3/image/upload/v1470387942/attached_image/jerawat-alodokter.jpg" style="height: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%;" width="650" /></div>
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Sebagian besar kasus jerawat terjadi pada seseorang yang berusia di bawah 28 tahun. Terutama bagi remaja, mereka sangat rentan terkena jerawat pada usia 14-19 tahun.</div>
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Meskipun jerawat dapat menghilang dengan sendirinya seiring pertumbuhan usia, namun pada sebagian kasus, masih ada yang mengalami masalah jerawat di pertengahan usia 20-an. Wanita usia 20-an tahun lima kali lebih berisiko mengalami hal tersebut dibandingkan pria usia 20-an tahun.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Faktor-faktor penyebab jerawat</span></h4>
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Jerawat bisa muncul pada usia berapa pun, namun perubahan kadar hormon selama masa puber kerap dikaitkan dengan <a href="http://www.alodokter.com/jerawat/penyebab" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3973cf; cursor: pointer; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">penyebab-penyebabnya</a>. Perubahan hormon tersebut berdampak kepada kelenjar penghasil minyak atau sebum yang letaknya dekat dengan folikel rambut di kulit.</div>
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Peningkatan aktivitas kelenjar ini menyebabkan produksi sebum pada wajah juga bertambah. Jadi tumpukan sebum ini nantinya akan bergabung dengan kotoran dan sel kulit yang mati, kemudian menyumbat pori-pori.</div>
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Pada saat pori-pori tersumbat dan dengan banyaknya sebum pada permukaan kulit, bakteri yang disebut <em style="border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Propionobacterium acnes</em><em style="border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </em>berkembang dengan cepat. Bakteri ini merupakan bakteri penyebab jerawat. <em style="border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Propionobacterium acnes</em> melepaskan semacam zat iritan yang akan mengiritasi kulit. Efek dari iritasi inilah yang menyebabkan kulit memerah dan membengkak, disamping itu juga menyebabkan timbulnya nanah di balik kulit.</div>
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Lapisan dalam folikel rambut juga menebal akibat perubahan kadar hormon dan menyebabkan tersumbatnya pori-pori kulit. Penyumbatan pori-pori ini tidak akan hilang, meski kulit telah dibersihkan.</div>
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Selain pada masa puber, jerawat juga bisa dialami para wanita akibat perubahan hormon yang terjadi selama siklus <a href="http://www.alodokter.com/menstruasi/" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3973cf; cursor: pointer; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">menstruasi </a>dan masa kehamilan. Jerawat juga diketahui sebagai faktor keturunan. Kemungkinan besar seseorang akan memiliki jerawat jika kedua orang tua berjerawat juga.</div>
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Hingga kini belum ada bukti bahwa jerawat disebabkan oleh aktivitas seksual, makanan, atau buruknya kebersihan.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Diagnosis jerawat</span></h4>
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Dokter biasanya mampu <a href="http://www.alodokter.com/jerawat/diagnosis" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3973cf; cursor: pointer; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">mendiagnosis jerawat </a>hanya dengan melihat kulit penderita secara langsung. Melalui pemeriksaan, dokter dapat menentukan jenis jerawat yang tumbuh serta mengukur tingkat keparahannya (tingkat peradangan dan jumlah jerawat). Setelah diagnosis dilakukan, barulah rencana penanganan bisa dibuat.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tindakan yang tepat dilakukan jika memiliki jerawat</span></h4>
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Penting untuk menjaga kebersihan kulit di area yang berjerawat, meski itu tidak akan mencegah munculnya jerawat baru. Basuh area tersebut dua kali sehari dengan menggunakan pembersih atau sabun wajah. Agar tidak mengalami iritasi, jangan menggosok kulit terlalu keras.</div>
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Kini sebagian besar produk pelembap telah melalui tahap pengujian agar tidak menimbulkan <a href="http://www.alodokter.com/komedo" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3973cf; cursor: pointer; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">komedo</a> atau jerawat. Gunakan pelembap jika kulit Anda kering dan hindari memakai produk kecantikan yang dapat menyumbat pori-pori kulit.</div>
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Meski jerawat tidak bisa disembuhkan, namun masih bisa dikendalikan melalui <a href="http://www.alodokter.com/jerawat/pengobatan" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3973cf; cursor: pointer; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">pengobatan</a>. Obat-obatan berbentuk gel, pelembap, dan krim kini sudah banyak tersedia di apotek. Jika memiliki jerawat, ada baiknya untuk berkonsultasi dengan dokter, terutama jika penggunaan obat yang dijual bebas di pasaran tidak membuahkan hasil atau bahkan justru menimbulkan efek samping seperti:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pembengkakan pada wajah, mata, bibir, atau lidah.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Radang tenggorokan dan sesak napas.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pingsan.</li>
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Umumnya dokter menyarankan penggunaan produk yang mengandung konsentrat benzoil peroksida rendah. Namun berhati-hatilah dalam menggunakannya karena pada bidang industri, konsentrat tersebut juga digunakan sebagai bahan pemutih pakaian.</div>
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Anda mungkin membutuhkan antibiotik atau krim yang lebih kuat jika jerawat Anda tergolong parah dan timbul pada sejumlah bagian tubuh, seperti dada dan punggung. Ingatlah bahwa penggunaan obat tersebut tetap harus melalui resep dokter.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Komplikasi jerawat</span></h4>
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Tanyakan kepada dokter jika pertumbuhan jerawat makin parah. Jika jerawat parah tidak segera ditangani, dikhawatirkan bisa menimbulkan <a href="http://www.alodokter.com/jerawat/komplikasi" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3973cf; cursor: pointer; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">komplikasi </a>berupa bekas luka. Selain itu, disarankan untuk menemui dokter jika obat yang digunakan tidak bisa mengendalikan pertumbuhan jerawat sehingga menjadikan Anda tidak percaya diri serta <a href="http://www.alodokter.com/depresi/" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3973cf; cursor: pointer; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">depresi</a>.</div>
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Pengobatan jerawat membutuhkan kesabaran. Tidak disarankan untuk memencet jerawat karena akan meninggalkan bekas luka permanen. Biasanya pengobatan akan menunjukkan hasil optimal dalam tiga bulan.</div>
Navista Dellahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17178065232205244345noreply@blogger.com0